Maharashtra
Maharashtra | |
|---|---|
| State of Maharashtra | |
_worship_hall,_Cave_26.jpg)    .jpg)    From top, left to right: Ajanta Caves, Kailasa Temple at Ellora Caves, Pratapgad Fort (near Mahabaleshwar) located in the Western Ghats, statue of Chatrapati outside Raigad fort, Shaniwar Wada, Hazur Sahib Nanded, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, The Gateway of India | |
| Etymology: "mahā" (Great) and Sanskritized form of "Ratta dynasty" | |
| Nickname: "Gateway of India" | |
| Motto(s): Pratipaccandralēkhēva vardhiṣṇurviśva vanditā Mahārāṣṭrasya rājyasya mudrā bhadrāya rājatē (The glory of Maharashtra will grow like the first day moon. It will be worshipped by the world and will shine only for the well-being of people) | |
| Anthem: Jai Jai Mahārāṣṭra Mājhā[1] ("Victory to My Maharashtra!")[2] | |
 Location of Maharashtra in India | |
| Coordinates: 18°58′N 72°49′E / 18.97°N 72.82°E | |
| Country | India |
| Region | West India |
| Before was | State of Bombay (1950–1960) |
| Formation (by bifurcation) | 1 May 1960 |
| Capital | Mumbai Nagpur (winter) |
| Largest city | Mumbai |
| Largest metro | Mumbai Metropolitan Region |
| Districts | 36 (6 divisions) |
| Government | |
| • Body | Government of Maharashtra |
| • Governor | C. P. Radhakrishnan |
| • Chief minister | Eknath Shinde (SHS) |
| • Deputy chief minister | Devendra Fadnavis (BJP) Ajit Pawar (NCP) |
| State Legislature | Bicameral Maharashtra Legislature |
| • Council | Maharashtra Legislative Council (78 seats) |
| • Assembly | Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (288 seats) |
| National Parliament | Parliament of India |
| • Rajya Sabha | 19 seats |
| • Lok Sabha | 48 seats |
| High Court | Bombay High Court |
| Area | |
• Total | 307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 3rd |
| Dimensions | |
| • Length | 870 km (540 mi) |
| • Width | 605 km (376 mi) |
| Elevation | 100 m (300 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 1,646 m (5,400 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | −1 m (−3 ft) |
| Population (2011)[5] | |
• Total |  112,374,333 |
| • Rank | 2nd |
| • Density | 370/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 45.22% |
| • Rural | 54.78% |
| Demonym | Maharashtrian |
| Language | |
| • Official | Marathi[6][7] |
| • Official script | Devanagari script |
| GDP | |
| • Total (2024–25) |  ₹42.67 trillion (US$510 billion) |
| • Rank | (1st) |
| • Per capita | ₹277,603 (US$3,300) (12th) |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MH |
| Vehicle registration | MH |
| HDI (2022) |  0.688 Medium[11] (9th) |
| Literacy (2017) | 84.8% (14th) |
| Sex ratio (2021) | 966♀/1000 ♂[12] (23rd) |
| Website | maharashtra |
| Symbols of Maharashtra | |
 | |
| Song | Jai Jai Mahārāṣṭra Mājhā[1] ("Victory to My Maharashtra!")[2] |
| Foundation day | Maharashtra Day |
| Bird | Yellow-footed green pigeon[13] |
| Butterfly | Blue Mormon[14] |
| Fish | Silver Pomfret |
| Flower | Jarul[13][15] |
| Mammal | Indian giant squirrel[13] |
| Tree | Mango tree[13][16] |
| State highway mark | |
 | |
| State highway of Maharashtra MH SH1-MH SH368 | |
| List of Indian state symbols | |
| ^The State of Bombay was split into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960[17] †† Common high court | |
Maharashtra (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra, Marathi: [məɦaːˈɾaːʂʈɾə] ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north, and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the northwest.[18] Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India.
The state is divided into 6 divisions and 36 districts, Mumbai, is the capital of Maharashtra due to its historical significance as a major trading port and its status as India's financial hub, housing key institutions and a diverse economy. Additionally, its well-developed infrastructure and cultural diversity make it a suitable administrative center for the state, and the most populous urban area in India, with Nagpur serving as the winter capital.[19] The Godavari and Krishna are the state's two major rivers, and forests cover 16.47% of the state's geographical area. The state is home to six UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, Elephanta Caves, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), the Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai and the Western Ghats, a heritage site made up of 39 individual properties of which 4 are in Maharashtra.[20][21]
The economy of Maharashtra is the largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹42.5 trillion (US$510 billion) and GSDP per capita of ₹335,247 (US$4,000);[9] it is the single-largest contributor to India's economy, being accountable for 14% of all-India nominal GDP.[22][23][24] The service sector dominates the state's economy, accounting for 69.3% of the value of the output of the country. Although agriculture accounts for 12% of the state GDP, it employs nearly half the population of the state.
Maharashtra is one of the most industrialised states in India. The state's capital, Mumbai, is India's financial and commercial capital.[25] The Bombay Stock Exchange, India's largest stock exchange and the oldest in Asia, is located in the city, as is the National Stock Exchange, which is the second-largest stock exchange in India and one of world's largest derivatives exchanges. The state has played a significant role in the country's social and political life and is widely considered a leader in terms of agricultural and industrial production, trade and transport, and education.[26] Maharashtra is the ninth-highest ranking among Indian states in the human development index.[27]
The region that encompasses the modern state has a history going back many millennia. Notable dynasties that ruled the region include the Asmakas, the Mauryas, the Satavahanas, the Western Satraps, the Abhiras, the Vakatakas, the Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Western Chalukyas, the Seuna Yadavas, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, the Bahamanis and the Mughals. In the early nineteenth century, the region was divided between the Dominions of the Peshwa in the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizamate of Hyderabad.
After two wars and the proclamation of the Indian Empire, the region became a part of the Bombay Province, the Berar Province and the Central Provinces of India under direct British rule and the Deccan States Agency under Crown suzerainty. Between 1950 and 1956, the Bombay Province became the Bombay State in the Indian Union, and Berar, the Deccan states and the Gujarat states were merged into the Bombay State. Aspirations of a separate state for Marathi-speaking peoples were pursued by the United Maharashtra Movement; their advocacy eventually borne fruit on 1 May 1960, when the State of Bombay was bifurcated into the states of Maharasthra and Gujarat.
Etymology
The modern Marathi language evolved from Maharashtri Prakrit,[28] and the word Marhatta (later used for the Marathas) is found in the Jain Maharashtrian literature. The term Maharashtra along with Maharashtrian, Marathi, and Maratha may have derived from the same root. However, their exact etymology is uncertain.[29]
The most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Mahā and Rāṣṭrikā,[29][30] the name of a tribe or dynasty of chiefs ruling in the Deccan region.[31] An alternate theory states that the term is derived from mahā ("great") and ratha/rathi ("chariot"/"charioteer"), which refers to a skilful northern fighting force that migrated southward into the area.[31][30]
In the Harivamsa, the Yadava kingdom called Anaratta is described as mostly inhabited by the Abhiras (Abhira-praya-manusyam). The Anartta country and its inhabitants were called Surastra and the Saurastras, probably after the Rattas (Rastras) akin to the Rastrikas of Asoka's rock Edicts, now known as Maharastra and the Marattas.[32]
An alternative theory states that the term derives from the word mahā ("great") and rāṣṭra ("nation/dominion").[33] However, this theory is somewhat controversial among modern scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers.[29]
History
Numerous Late Harappan or Chalcolithic sites belonging to the Jorwe culture (c. 1300–700 BCE) have been discovered throughout the state.[34][35] The largest settlement discovered of the culture is at Daimabad, which had a mud fortification during this period, as well as an elliptical temple with fire pits.[36][37] In the Late Harappan period there was a large migration of people from Gujarat to northern Maharashtra.[38]
Maharashtra was ruled by Maurya Empire in the fourth and third centuries BCE. Around 230 BCE, Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty which ruled it for the next 400 years.[39] The rule of Satavahanas was followed by that of Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya and the Yadava Dynasty. The Buddhist Ajanta Caves in present-day Aurangabad display influences from the Satavahana and Vakataka styles. The caves were possibly excavated during this period.[40]
The Chalukya dynasty ruled the region from the sixth to the eighth centuries CE, and the two prominent rulers were Pulakeshin II, who defeated the north Indian Emperor Harsha, and Vikramaditya II, who defeated the Arab invaders in the eighth century. The Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the eighth to the tenth century.[41] The Arab traveller Sulaiman al Mahri described the ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty Amoghavarsha as "one of the four great kings of the world".[42] Shilahara dynasty began as vassals of the Rashtrakuta dynasty which ruled the Deccan plateau between the eighth and tenth centuries. From the early 11th century to the 12th century, the Deccan Plateau, which includes a significant part of Maharashtra, was dominated by the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty.[43] Several battles were fought between the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty in the Deccan Plateau during the reigns of Raja Raja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I, Jayasimha II, Someshvara I, and Vikramaditya VI.[44]
In the early 14th century, the Yadava dynasty, which ruled most of present-day Maharashtra, was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. Later, Muhammad bin Tughluq conquered parts of the Deccan, and temporarily shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in Maharashtra. After the collapse of the Tughluqs in 1347, the local Bahmani Sultanate of Gulbarga took over, governing the region for the next 150 years.[45] After the break-up of the Bahamani sultanate in 1518, Maharashtra split into five Deccan Sultanates: Nizamshah of Ahmednagar, Adilshah of Bijapur, Qutubshah of Golkonda, Bidarshah of Bidar and Imadshah of Elichpur. These kingdoms often fought with each other. United, they decisively defeated the Vijayanagara Empire of the south in 1565.[46] The present area of Mumbai was ruled by the Sultanate of Gujarat before its capture by Portugal in 1535 and the Faruqi dynasty ruled the Khandesh region between 1382 and 1601 before finally getting annexed in the Mughal Empire. Malik Ambar, the regent of the Nizamshahi dynasty of Ahmednagar from 1607 to 1626,[47] increased the strength and power of Murtaza Nizam Shah II and raised a large army.Ambar is said to have introduced the concept of guerrilla warfare in the Deccan region.[48] Malik Ambar assisted Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Delhi against his stepmother, Nur Jahan, who wanted to enthrone her son-in-law.[49][50] Both Shivaji's grandfather, Maloji and father Shahaji served under Ambar.[51]
.jpg)
In the early 17th century, Shahaji Bhosale, an ambitious local general who had served the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, the Mughals and Adil Shah of Bijapur at different periods throughout his career, attempted to establish his independent rule.[52] This attempt was unsuccessful, but his son Shivaji succeeded in establishing the Maratha Empire.[53] Shortly after Shivaji's death in 1680, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb launched a campaign to conquer Maratha territories as well as the Adilshahi and Govalkonda kingdoms.[54] This campaign, better known as Mughal–Maratha Wars, was a strategic defeat for Mughals. Aurangzeb failed to fully conquer Maratha territories, and this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury and Army.[55] Shortly after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Marathas under Peshwa Bajirao I and the generals that he had promoted such as Ranoji Shinde and Malharrao Holkar started conquering Mughal Territories in the north and western India, and by 1750s they or their successors had confined the Mughals to city of Delhi.[56]
After their defeat at the hand of Ahmad Shah Abdali's Afghan forces in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Maratha suffered a setback. However, they soon reclaimed the lost territories and ruled central and north India including Delhi until the end of the eighteenth century. The Marathas also developed a potent Navy circa in the 1660s, which at its peak under the command of Kanhoji Angre, dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from Mumbai to Savantwadi.[57] It resisted the British, Portuguese, Dutch, and Siddi naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. Charles Metcalfe, British Civil servant and later Acting Governor-General, said in 1806:[58]
India contains no more than two great powers, British and Maratha, and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them.
The British East India Company slowly expanded areas under its rule during the 18th century. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) led to the end of the Maratha Empire and the East India Company took over the empire.[59][60] The Maratha Navy dominated till around the 1730s, was in a state of decline by the 1770s and ceased to exist by 1818.[61]
The British governed western Maharashtra as part of the Bombay Presidency, which spanned an area from Karachi in Pakistan to northern Deccan. A number of the Maratha states persisted as princely states, retaining autonomy in return for acknowledging British suzerainty. The largest princely states in the territory were Nagpur, Satara and Kolhapur State; Satara was annexed to the Bombay Presidency in 1848, and Nagpur was annexed in 1853 to become Nagpur Province, later part of the Central Provinces. Berar, which had been part of the Nizam of Hyderabad's kingdom, was occupied by the British in 1853 and annexed to the Central Provinces in 1903.[62] However, a large region called Marathwada remained part of the Nizam's Hyderabad State throughout the British period. The British ruled Maharashtra region from 1818 to 1947 and influenced every aspect of life for the people of the region. They brought several changes to the legal system,[63][64][65] built modern means of transport including roads[66] and Railways,[67][68] took various steps to provide mass education, including that for previously marginalised classes and women,[69] established universities based on western system and imparting education in science, technology,[70] and western medicine,[71][72][73] standardised the Marathi language,[74][75][76][77] and introduced mass media by utilising modern printing technologies.[78] The 1857 war of independence had many Marathi leaders, though the battles mainly took place in northern India. The modern struggle for independence started taking shape in the late 1800s with leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji evaluating the company rule and its consequences. Jyotirao Phule was the pioneer of social reform in the Maharashtra region in the second half of the 19th century. His social work was continued by Shahu, Raja of Kolhapur and later by B. R. Ambedkar. After the partial autonomy given to the states by the Government of India Act 1935, B. G. Kher became the first chief minister of the Congress party-led government of tri-lingual Bombay Presidency.[79] The ultimatum to the British during the Quit India Movement was given in Mumbai and culminated in the transfer of power and independence in 1947.[citation needed]
After Indian independence, princely states and Jagirs of the Deccan States Agency were merged into Bombay State, which was created from the former Bombay Presidency in 1950.[80] In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act reorganised the Indian states along linguistic lines, and Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly Marathi-speaking regions of Marathwada (Aurangabad Division) from erstwhile Hyderabad state and Vidarbha region from the Central Provinces and Berar. The southernmost part of Bombay State was ceded to Mysore. In the 1950s, Marathi people strongly protested against bilingual Bombay state under the banner of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti.[81][82] The notable leaders of the samiti included Keshavrao Jedhe, S.M. Joshi, Shripad Amrit Dange, Pralhad Keshav Atre and Gopalrao Khedkar. The key demand of the samiti called for a Marathi speaking state with Mumbai as its capital.[83] In the Gujarati speaking areas of the state, a similar Mahagujarat Movement demanded a separate Gujarat state comprising majority Gujarati areas. After many years of protests, which saw 106 deaths amongst the protestors, and electoral success of the samiti in 1957 elections, the central government led by Prime minister Nehru split Bombay State into two new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat on 1 May 1960.[84]
The state continues to have a dispute with Karnataka regarding the region of Belgaum and Karwar.[85][86] The Government of Maharashtra was unhappy with the border demarcation of 1957 and filed a petition to the Ministry of Home affairs of India.[87] Maharashtra claimed 814 villages, and 3 urban settlements of Belagon, Karwar and Nippani, all part of then Bombay Presidency before freedom of the country.[88] A petition by Maharashtra in the Supreme Court of India, staking a claim over Belagon, is currently pending.[89]
Geography
Maharashtra with a total area of 307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi), is the third-largest state by area in terms of land area and constitutes 9.36% of India's total geographical area. The State lies between 15°35' N to 22°02' N latitude and 72°36' E to 80°54' E longitude. It occupies the western and central part of the country and has a coastline stretching 840 kilometres (520 mi)[90] along the Arabian Sea.[91] The dominant physical feature of the state is its plateau character, which is separated from the Konkan coastline by the mountain range of the Western Ghats, which runs parallel to the coast from north to south. The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Range, has an average elevation of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft); its slopes gently descending towards the east and southeast.[92] The Western Ghats (or the Sahyadri Mountain range) provide a physical barrier to the state on the west, while the Satpura Hills along the north and Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri ranges on the east serve as its natural borders.[93] This state's expansion from North to South is 720 km (450 mi) and East to West is 800 km (500 mi). To the west of these hills lie the Konkan coastal plains, 50–80 km (31–50 mi) in width. To the east of the Ghats lies the flat Deccan Plateau. The main rivers of the state are the Krishna, and its tributary, Bhima, the Godavari, and its main tributaries, Manjara, and Wardha-Wainganga and the Tapi, and its tributary Purna.[91][94] Maharashtra is divided into five geographic regions. Konkan is the western coastal region, between the Western Ghats and the sea.[95] Khandesh is the north region lying in the valley of the Tapti, Purna river.[94] Nashik, Malegaon Jalgaon, Dhule and Bhusawal are the major cities of this region.[96] Desh is in the centre of the state.[97] Marathwada, which was a part of the princely state of Hyderabad until 1956, is located in the southeastern part of the state.[91][98] Aurangabad and Nanded are the main cities of the region.[99] Vidarbha is the easternmost region of the state, formerly part of the Central Provinces and Berar.[100]
The state has limited area under irrigation, low natural fertility of soils, and large areas prone to recurrent drought. Due to this the agricultural productivity of Maharashtra is generally low as compared to the national averages of various crops. Maharashtra has been divided in to nine agro-climatic zones on the basis of annual rainfall soil types, vegetation and cropping pattern.[101]
Climate
Maharashtra experiences a tropical wet and dry climate with hot, rainy, and cold weather seasons. Some areas more inland experience a hot semi arid climate, due to a rain shadow effect caused by the Western Ghats.[102] The month of March marks the beginning of the summer and the temperature rises steadily until June. In the central plains, summer temperatures rise to between 40 °C or 104.0 °F and 45 °C or 113.0 °F. May is usually the warmest and January the coldest month of the year. The winter season lasts until February with lower temperatures occurring in December and January. On the Deccan plateau that lies on eastern side of the Sahyadri mountains, the climate is drier, however, dew and hail often occur, depending on seasonal weather.[103]
The rainfall patterns in the state vary by the topography of different regions. The state can be divided into four meteorological regions, namely coastal Konkan, Western Maharashtra, Marathwada, and Vidarbha.[104] The southwest monsoon usually arrives in the last week of June and lasts till mid-September. Pre-monsoon showers begin towards the middle of June and post-monsoon rains occasionally occur in October. The highest average monthly rainfall is during July and August. In the winter season, there may be a little rainfall associated with western winds over the region. The Konkan coastal area, west of the Sahyadri Mountains receives very heavy monsoon rains with an annual average of more than 3,000 millimetres (120 in). However, just 150 km (93 mi) to the east, in the rain shadow of the mountain range, only 500–700 mm/year will fall, and long dry spells leading to drought are a common occurrence. Maharashtra has many of the 99 Indian districts identified by the Indian Central water commission as prone to drought.[105] The average annual rainfall in the state is 1,181 mm (46.5 in) and 75% of it is received during the southwest monsoon from June–to September. However, under the influence of the Bay of Bengal, eastern Vidarbha receives good rainfall in July, August, and September.[106] Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg districts receive heavy rains of an average of 2,000 to 2,500 mm or 80 to 100 in and the hill stations of Matheran and Mahabaleshwar over 5,000 mm (200 in). Contrariwise, the rain shadow districts of Nashik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Satara, Sangli, Solapur, and parts of Kolhapur receive less than 1,000 mm (39 in) annually. In winter, a cool dry spell occurs, with clear skies, gentle air breeze, and pleasant weather that prevails from October to February, although the eastern Vidarbha region receives rainfall from the north-east monsoon.[107]
Flora and fauna
The state has three crucial biogeographic zones, namely Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and the West coast. The Ghats nurture endemic species, Deccan Plateau provides for vast mountain ranges and grasslands while the coast is home to littoral and swamp forests. Flora of Maharashtra is heterogeneous in composition. In 2012 the recorded thick forest area in the state was 61,939 km2 (23,915 sq mi) which was about 20.13% of the state's geographical area.[108] There are three main Public Forestry Institutions (PFIs) in the Maharashtra state: the Maharashtra Forest Department (MFD), the Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra (FDCM) and the Directorate of Social Forestry (SFD).[109] The Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board, constituted by the Government of Maharashtra in January 2012 under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, is the nodal body for the conservation of biodiversity within and outside forest areas in the State.[110][111]
Maharashtra is ranked second among the Indian states in terms of the recorded forest area. Recorded Forest Area (RFA) in the state is 61,579 sq mi (159,489 km2) of which 49,546 sq mi (128,324 km2) is reserved forests, 6,733 sq mi (17,438 km2) is protected forest and 5,300 sq mi (13,727 km2) is unclassed forests. Based on the interpretation of IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS III satellite data of the period Oct 2017 to Jan 2018, the State has 8,720.53 sq mi (22,586 km2) under Very Dense Forest(VDF), 20,572.35 sq mi (53,282 km2) under Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) and 21,484.68 sq mi (55,645 km2) under Open Forest (OF). According to the Champion and Seth classification, Maharashtra has five types of forests:[112]
- Southern Tropical Semi-Evergreen forests - These are found in the western ghats at a height of 400–1,000 m (1,300–3,300 ft). Anjani, Hirda, Kinjal, and Mango are predominant tree species found here.
- Southern Tropical Moist Deciduous forests-These are a mix of Moist Teak bearing forests (Melghat) and Moist Mixed deciduous forests (Vidarbha and Thane district). Commercially important Teak, Shishum, and bamboo are found here. In addition to evergreen Teak, some of the other tree species found in this type of forest include Jambul, Ain, and Shisam.[113]
- Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests-these occupy a major part of the state. Southern Tropical Thorn forests are found in the low rainfall regions of Marathwada, Vidarbha, Khandesh, and Western Maharashtra. At present, these forests are heavily degraded. Babul, Bor, and Palas are some of the tree species found here.
- Littoral and Swamp forests are mainly found in the Creeks of Sindhudurg and Thane districts of the coastal Konkan region. The state harbours significant mangrove, coastal and marine biodiversity, with 304 km2 (117 sq mi) of the area under mangrove cover as per the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) of the Forest survey India in the coastal districts of the state.
The most common animal species present in the state are monkeys, wild pigs, tiger, leopard, gaur, sloth bear, sambar, four-horned antelope, chital, barking deer, mouse deer, small Indian civet, golden jackal, jungle cat, and hare.[114] Other animals found in this state include reptiles such as lizards, scorpions and snake species such as cobras and kraits.[115] The state provides legal protection to its tiger population through six dedicated tiger reserves under the precincts of the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
The state's 720 km (450 mi) of sea coastline of the Arabian Sea marks the presence of various types of fish and marine animals. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) found 1527 marine animal species, including molluscs with 581 species, many crustacean species including crabs, shrimps, and lobsters, 289 fish species, and 141 species types of annelids (sea worms).[116]
Regions, divisions and districts
Maharashtra has following geographical regions:
- North Maharashtra
- Konkan
- Marathwada
- Vidarbha
- Desh or Western Maharashtra
It consists of six administrative divisions:[117]
The state's six divisions are further divided into 36 districts, 109 sub-divisions, and 358 talukas.[118] Maharashtra's top five districts by population, as ranked by the 2011 Census, are listed in the following table.
Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the Maharashtra Civil Service.[119] Districts are subdivided into sub-divisions (Taluka) governed by sub-divisional magistrates, and again into blocks.[120] A block consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.[121][122] Talukas are intermediate level panchayat between the Zilla Parishad (district councils) at the district level and gram panchayat (village councils) at the lower level.[120][123]
Out of the total population of Maharashtra, 45.22% of people live in urban regions. The total figure of the population living in urban areas is 50.8 million. There are 27 Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra.[124]
| Rank | Name | District | Pop. | Rank | Name | District | Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Mumbai  Pune |
1 | Mumbai | Mumbai City district | 18,414,288 | 11 | Kolhapur | Kolhapur | 660,861 |  Nagpur  Nashik |
| 2 | Pune | Pune | 5,049,968 | 12 | Sangli | Sangli | 650,000 | ||
| 3 | Nagpur | Nagpur | 2,497,777 | ||||||
| 4 | Nashik | Nashik | 2,362,769 | ||||||
| 5 | Thane | Thane | 1,886,941 | ||||||
| 6 | Aurangabad | Aurangabad | 1,189,376 | ||||||
| 7 | Solapur | Solapur | 951,118 | ||||||
| 8 | Amravati | Amravati | 846,801 | ||||||
| 9 | Jalgaon | Jalgaon | 737,411 | ||||||
| 10 | Nanded | Nanded | 550,564 | ||||||
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 19,391,643 | — |
| 1911 | 21,474,523 | +10.7% |
| 1921 | 20,849,666 | −2.9% |
| 1931 | 23,959,300 | +14.9% |
| 1941 | 26,832,758 | +12.0% |
| 1951 | 32,002,564 | +19.3% |
| 1961 | 39,553,718 | +23.6% |
| 1971 | 50,412,235 | +27.5% |
| 1981 | 62,782,818 | +24.5% |
| 1991 | 78,937,187 | +25.7% |
| 2001 | 96,878,627 | +22.7% |
| 2011 | 112,374,333 | +16.0% |
| Source: Census of India[125] | ||
According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Maharashtra was at that time the richest state in India and the second-most populous state in India with a population of 112,374,333. Contributing to 9.28% of India's population, males and females are 58,243,056 and 54,131,277, respectively.[126] The total population growth in 2011 was 15.99%, while in the previous decade it was 22.57%.[127][128] Since independence, the decadal growth rate of population has remained higher (except in the year 1971) than the national average. However, in the year 2011, it was found to be lower than the national average.[128] The 2011 census for the state found 55% of the population to be rural with 45% being urban-based.[129][130] Although, India hasn't conducted a caste-wise census since Independence, based on the British era census of 1931, it is estimated that the Maratha and the Maratha-kunbi numerically form the largest caste cluster with around 32% of the population.[131] Maharashtra has a large Other Backward Class population constituting 41% of the population. The scheduled tribes include Adivasis such as Thakar, Warli, Konkana and Halba.[132] The 2011 census found scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to account for 11.8% and 8.9% of the population, respectively.[133] The state also includes a substantial number of migrants from other states of India.[134] Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, and Karnataka account for the largest percentage of migrants to the Mumbai metropolitan area.[135]
The 2011 census reported the human sex ratio is 929 females per 1000 males, which were below the national average of 943. The density of Maharashtra was 365 inhabitants per km2 which was lower than the national average of 382 per km2. Since 1921, the populations of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg shrank by −4.96% and −2.30%, respectively, while the population of Thane grew by 35.9%, followed by Pune at 30.3%. The literacy rate is 83.2%, higher than the national rate at 74.04%.[136] Of this, male literacy stood at 89.82% and female literacy 75.48%.[137]
Religion
According to the 2011 census, Hinduism was the principal religion in the state at 79.8% of the total population. Muslims constituted 11.5% of the total population. Maharashtra has the highest number of followers of Buddhism in India, accounting for 5.8% of Maharashtra's total population with 6,531,200 followers. Marathi Buddhists account for 77.36% of all Buddhists in India.[139] Sikhs, Christians, and Jains constituted 0.2%, 1%, and 1.2% of the Maharashtra population respectively.[138]
Maharashtra, and particularly the city of Mumbai, is home to two tiny religious communities. This includes 5000 Jews, mainly belonging to the Bene Israel, and Baghdadi Jewish communities.[140] Parsi is the other community who follow Zoroastrianism. The 2011 census recorded around 44,000 parsis in Maharashtra.[141]
Language
Marathi is the official language although different regions have their own dialects.[6][143][144] Most people speak regional languages classified as dialects of Marathi in the census. Powari, Lodhi, and Varhadi are spoken in the Vidarbha region, Dangi is spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border, Bhil languages are spoken throughout the northwest part of the state, Khandeshi (locally known as Ahirani) is spoken in Khandesh region. In the Desh and Marathwada regions, Dakhini Urdu is widely spoken, although Dakhini speakers are usually bilingual in Marathi.[145]
Konkani, and its dialect Malvani, is spoken along the southern Konkan coast. Telugu and Kannada are spoken along the border areas of Telangana and Karnataka, respectively. At the junction of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh a variety of Hindi dialects are spoken such as Lodhi and Powari. Lambadi is spoken through a wide area of eastern Marathwada and western Vidarbha. Gondi is spoken by diminishing minorities throughout Vidarbha but is most concentrated in the forests of Gadchiroli and the Telangana border.[citation needed]
Marathi is the first language of a majority or plurality of the people in all districts of Maharashtra except Nandurbar, where Bhili is spoken by 45% of its population. The highest percentage of Khandeshi speakers are Dhule district (29%) and the highest percentage of Gondi speakers are in Gadchiroli district (24%).[142]
The highest percentages of mother-tongue Hindi speakers are in urban areas, especially Mumbai and its suburbs, where it is mother tongue to over a quarter of the population. Pune and Nagpur are also spots for Hindi-speakers. Gujarati and Urdu are also major languages in Mumbai, both are spoken by around 10% of the population.[142] Urdu and its dialect, the Dakhni are spoken by the Muslim population of the state.[146]
The Mumbai metropolitan area is home to migrants from all over India. In Mumbai, a wide range of languages are spoken, including Telugu, Tamil, Konkani, Kannada, Sindhi, Punjabi, Bengali, Tulu, and many more.[142]
Governance and administration
The state is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Maharashtra is one of the six states in India where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council).[147] The legislature, the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. The Legislative Assembly consists of 288 members who are elected for five-year terms unless the Assembly is dissolved before to the completion of the term. The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 78 members with one-third (33 members) retiring every two years. Maharashtra is the second most important state in terms of political representation in the Lok Sabha, or the lower chamber of the Indian Parliament with 48 seats which is next only to Uttar Pradesh which has the highest number of seats than any other Indian state with 80 seats.[148] Maharashtra also has 19 seats in the Rajya Sabha, or the upper chamber of the Indian Parliament.[149][150]
The government of Maharashtra is a democratically elected body in India with the Governor as its constitutional head who is appointed by the President of India for a five-year term.[151] The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister.[152] The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The council of ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a Minister, who is assisted by an Additional Chief Secretary or a Principal Secretary, who is usually an officer of the Indian Administrative Service, the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serves as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary, etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary.[citation needed]
For purpose of administration, the state is divided into 6 divisions and 36 districts. Divisional Commissioner, an IAS officer is the head of administration at the divisional level. The administration in each district is headed by a District Magistrate, who is an IAS officer and is assisted by several officers belonging to state services. Urban areas in the state are governed by Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats, and seven Cantonment Boards.[128][153] The Maharashtra Police is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of Director general of police. A Superintendent of Police, an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Maharashtra Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of Maharashtra Forest Service and Maharashtra Forest Subordinate Service.[154]
The judiciary in the state consists of the Maharashtra High Court (The High Court of Bombay), district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluka level.[155] The High Court has regional branches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji which is the capital of Goa.[156] The state cabinet on 13 May 2015 passed a resolution favouring the setting up of one more bench of the Bombay high court in Kolhapur, covering the region.[157] The President of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Maharashtra judiciary on the advice of the chief justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Maharashtra.[158] Other judges are appointed by the chief justice of the high court of the judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice.[159] Subordinate Judicial Service is another vital part of the judiciary of Maharashtra.[160] The subordinate judiciary or the district courts are categorised into two divisions: the Maharashtra civil judicial services and higher judicial service.[161] While the Maharashtra civil judicial services comprises the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.[162] The Subordinate judicial service of the judiciary is controlled by the District Judge.[159][163]
Politics
The politics of the state in the first decades after its formation in 1960 was dominated by the Indian National Congress party or its offshoots such as the Nationalist Congress Party. At present, it has been dominated by four political parties, the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Nationalist Congress Party, the Indian National Congress and the Shivsena.The politics of the state in the last five years has seen long term alliances breaking up like that of undivided Shivsena and BJP, new ones being formed between Congress, NCP, and the Shivsena, regional parties like the Shivsena and NCP splitting up, and majority of their legislators joining a new alliance government with the BJP.[citation needed]
Just like in other states in India, dynastic politics is fairly common also among political parties in Maharashtra.[164] The dynastic phenomenon is seen from the national level down to the district level and even village level. The three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj created in the state in the 1960s also helped to create and consolidate this phenomenon in rural areas. Apart from controlling the government, political families also control cooperative institutions, mainly cooperative sugar factories and district cooperative banks in the state.[165] The Bharatiya Janata Party also features several senior leaders who are dynasts.[166][167] In Maharashtra, the NCP has a particularly high level of dynasticism.[167]
In the early years, the politics of Maharashtra was dominated by Congress party figures such as Yashwantrao Chavan, Vasantdada Patil, Vasantrao Naik, and Shankarrao Chavan. Sharad Pawar, who started his political career in the Congress party, has been a towering personality in state and national politics for over forty years. During his career, he has split the Congress twice with significant consequences for the state politics.[168][169] The Congress party enjoyed a near unchallenged dominance of the political landscape until 1995 when the Shiv Sena and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) secured an overwhelming majority in the state to form a coalition government.[170] After his second parting from the Congress party in 1999, Sharad Pawar founded the NCP but then formed a coalition with the Congress to keep out the BJP-Shiv Sena combine out of the Maharashtra state government for fifteen years until September 2014. Prithviraj Chavan of the Congress party was the last Chief Minister of Maharashtra under the Congress-NCP alliance.[171][172][173] For the 2014 assembly polls, the two alliances between NCP and Congress and that between BJP and Shiv Sena respectively broke down over seat allocations. In the election, the largest number of seats went to the Bharatiya Janata Party, with 122 seats. The BJP initially formed a minority government under Devendra Fadnavis. The Shiv Sena entered the Government after two months and provided a comfortable majority for the alliance in the Maharashtra Vidhansabha for the duration of the assembly.[174] In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the BJP-Shiv Sena alliance secured 41 seats out of 48 from the state.[175] Later in 2019, the BJP and Shiv Sena alliance fought the assembly elections together but the alliance broke down after the election over the post of the chief minister. Uddhav Thackeray of Shiv Sena then formed an alternative governing coalition under his leadership with his erstwhile opponents from NCP, INC, and several independent members of the legislative assembly.[176][177] Thackeray served as the 19th Chief minister of Maharashtra of the Maha Vikas Aghadi coalition until June 2022.[178][179][180]
In late June 2022, Eknath Shinde, a senior Shiv Sena leader, and the majority of MLAs from Shiv Sena joined hands with the BJP.[181][182][183] Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari called for a trust vote, an action that would later on be described as a "sad spectacle" by Supreme Court of India,[184] and draw criticism from Political Observers.[185] Uddhav Thackeray resigned from the post as chief minister well as a MLC member ahead of no-confidence motion on 29 June 2022.[186] Shinde subsequently formed a new coalition with the BJP, and was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 30 June 2022.[187] BJP leader, Devendra Fadnavis was given the post of Deputy Chief Minister in the new government.[187] Uddhav Thackeray filed a lawsuit in Supreme Court of India claiming that Eknath Shinde and his group's actions meant that they were disqualified under Anti-defection law, with Eknath Shinde claiming that he has not defected, but rather represents the true Shiv Sena party.[188][189] The Supreme court delivered its verdict in May 2023. In its verdict the five-judge constitution bench of the Supreme court ruled that the Maharashtra governor and assembly speaker did not act as per the law.[190] However, the court said that it cannot order the restoration of the Uddhav Thackeray government as Thackeray resigned without facing a floor test.[191][188][189] Supreme Court also asked the Assembly Speaker to decide on the matter of disqualification of 16 MLAs including Chief Minister Eknath Shinde.[192][193] The case for decision on which faction has rights to use Shiv Sena Name and Symbol is currently being heard by Supreme Court.[194][195]
In July 2023, NCP leader Ajit Pawar, and a number of NCP state assembly members joined the Shivsena- BJP government led by Eknath Shinde.[196] Sharad Pawar, the founder of NCP, has condemned the move and expelled the rebels. Ajit Pawar received support from majority of party legislators and office holders of the party.His faction was declared the official NCP and received the right to use the NCP election symbol of clock by the Election Commission of India.[197]
Economy
| Net state domestic product at factor cost at current prices (2004–05 base)[198]
Figures in crores of Indian rupees | |
| Year | Net state domestic product |
|---|---|
| 2004–2005 | ₹3.683 trillion (US$44 billion) |
| 2005–2006 | ₹4.335 trillion (US$52 billion) |
| 2006–2007 | ₹5.241 trillion (US$63 billion) |
| 2007–2008 | ₹6.140 trillion (US$74 billion) |
| 2008–2009 | ₹6.996 trillion (US$84 billion) |
| 2009–2010 | ₹8.178 trillion (US$98 billion) |
| 2013–2014 | ₹15.101 trillion (US$180 billion) |
| 2014–2015 | ₹16.866 trillion (US$200 billion) |
| 2021-2022 | ₹31.441 trillion (US$380 billion) |
| 2022-2023 | ₹36.458 trillion (US$440 billion) |
| 2023-2024 | ₹42.677 trillion (US$510 billion) |
The economy of Maharashtra is driven by manufacturing, international trade, Mass Media (television, motion pictures, video games, recorded music), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.[199] Maharashtra is the most industrialised state and has maintained the leading position in the industrial sector in India.[200] The State is a pioneer in small scale industries.[201] Mumbai, the capital of the state and the financial capital of India, houses the headquarters of most of the major corporate and financial institutions. India's main stock exchanges and capital market and commodity exchanges are located in Mumbai. The state continues to attract industrial investments from domestic as well as foreign institutions. Maharashtra has the largest proportion of taxpayers in India and its share markets transact almost 70% of the country's stocks.[202]
The service sector dominates the economy of Maharashtra, accounting for 61.4% of the value addition and 69.3% of the value of output in the state.[203] The state's per-capita income in 2014 was 40% higher than the all-India average in the same year.[204] The gross state domestic product (GSDP) at current prices for 2021–22 is estimated at $420 billion and contributes about 14.2% of the GDP. The agriculture and allied activities sector contributes 13.2% to the state's income. In 2012, Maharashtra reported a revenue surplus of ₹1524.9 million (US$24 million), with total revenue of ₹1,367,117 million (US$22 billion) and spending of ₹1,365,592.1 million (US$22 billion).[203] Maharashtra is the largest FDI destination of India. FDI inflows in the State since April 2000 to September 2021 totalled ₹9,59,746 crore, which was 28.2% of total FDI inflows at the all-India level. With a total of 11,308 startups, Maharashtra has the highest number of recognised startups in the country.
Maharashtra contributes 25% of the country's industrial output[205] and is the most indebted state in the country.[206][207] Industrial activity in state is concentrated in Seven districts: Mumbai City, Mumbai Suburban, Thane, Aurangabad, Pune, Nagpur, and Nashik.[208] Mumbai has the largest share in GSDP (19.5%), both Thane and Pune districts contribute about same in the Industry sector, Pune district contributes more in the agriculture and allied activities sector, whereas Thane district contributes more in the Services sector.[208] Nashik district shares highest in the agricultural and allied activities sector, but is behind in the Industry and Services sectors as compared to Thane and Pune districts.[208] Industries in Maharashtra include chemical and chemical products (17.6%), food and food products (16.1%), refined petroleum products (12.9%), machinery and equipment (8%), textiles (6.9%), basic metals (5.8%), motor vehicles (4.7%) and furniture (4.3%).[209] Maharashtra is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Tata Petrodyne and Oil India Ltd.[210]
Maharashtra is the leading Indian state for many Creative industries including advertising, architecture, art, crafts, design, fashion, film, music, performing arts, publishing, R&D, software, toys and games, TV and radio, and video games.[citation needed]
Maharashtra has an above-average knowledge industry in India, with Pune Metropolitan Region being the leading IT hub in the state. Approximately 25% of the top 500 companies in the IT sector are based in Maharashtra.[211] The state accounts for 28% of the software exports of India.[211]
Maharashtra and particularly Mumbai is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there.[212] Mumbai is the largest centre for film and television production and a third of all Indian films are produced in the state. Multimillion-dollar Bollywood productions, with the most expensive costing up to ₹1.5 billion (US$18 million), are filmed there.[213] Marathi films used to be previously made primarily in Kolhapur, but now are produced in Mumbai.[214]
The state houses important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, the SEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy.[208]
With more than half the population being rural, agriculture and allied industries play an important role in the states's economy and source of income for the rural population.[215] The agriculture and allied activities sector contributes 12.9% to the state's income. Staples such as rice and millet are the main monsoon crops. Important cash crops include sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, tobacco, fruit, vegetables, and spices such as turmeric.[93] Animal husbandry is an important agriculture-related activity. The State's share in the livestock and poultry population in India is about 7% and 10%, respectively. Maharashtra was a pioneer in the development of Agricultural Cooperative Societies after independence. It was an integral part of the then Governing Congress party's vision of 'rural development with local initiative'. A 'special' status was accorded to the sugar cooperatives and the government assumed the role of a mentor by acting as a stakeholder, guarantor, and regulator,[216][217][218] Apart from sugar, cooperatives play a crucial role in dairy,[219] cotton, and fertiliser industries.
The banking sector comprises scheduled and non-scheduled banks.[211] Scheduled banks are of two types, commercial and cooperative. Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) in India are classified into five types: State Bank of India and its associates, nationalised banks, private sector banks, Regional Rural Banks, and others (foreign banks). In 2012, there were 9,053 banking offices in the state, of which about 26% were in rural and 54% were in urban areas. Maharashtra has a microfinance system, which refers to small-scale financial services extended to the poor in both rural and urban areas. It covers a variety of financial instruments, such as lending, savings, life insurance, and crop insurance.[220] The three largest urban cooperative banks in India are all based in Maharashtra.[221]
Transport
The state has a large, multi-modal transportation system with the largest road network in India.[222] In 2011, the total length of surface road in Maharashtra was 267,452 km (166,187 mi);[223] national highways accounted for 4,176 km (2,595 mi),[224] and state highways 3,700 km (2,300 mi).[223] The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) provides economical and reliable passenger road transport service in the public sector.[225] These buses, popularly called ST (State Transport), are the preferred mode of transport for much of the populace. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and auto-rickshaws, which often ply specific routes in cities. Other district roads and village roads provide villages, accessibility to meet their social needs as well as the means to transport agricultural produce from villages to nearby markets. Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads and rural roads. Approximately 98% of villages are connected either via the highways or modern roads in Maharashtra. Average speed on state highways varies between 50–60 km/h (31–37 mph) due to the heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 25–30 km/h (16–19 mph).[226]
The first passenger train in India ran from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853.[227] Rail transportation is run by the Central Railway, Western Railway, South Central Railway, and South East Central Railway zones of the Indian Railways with the first two zones being headquartered in Mumbai, at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CSMT) and Churchgate respectively. Konkan Railway is headquartered in Navi Mumbai.[228][229] The Mumbai Rajdhani Express, the fastest Rajdhani train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Mumbai.[230] Thane and CSMT are the busiest railway stations in India,[231] the latter serving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.
The two principal seaports, Mumbai Port and Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which is also in the Mumbai region, are under the control and supervision of the government of India.[232] There are around 48 minor ports in Maharashtra.[233] Most of these handle passenger traffic and have a limited capacity. None of the major rivers in Maharashtra are navigable, and thus river transport does not exist in the state.[citation needed]
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly Bombay International Airport), is the state's largest airport. The four other international airports are Pune International Airport, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport at Nagpur, Nashik Airport, Shirdi Airport. Aurangabad Airport, Kolhapur Airport, Jalgaon Airport, and Nanded Airport are domestic airports in the state. Most of the State's airfields are operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) while Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL), currently operates five non-metro airports at Latur, Nanded, Baramati, Osmanabad and Yavatmal on a 95-year lease.[234] The Maharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC) was set up in 2002 to take up development of airports in the state that are not under the AAI or the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). MADC is playing the lead role in the planning and implementation of the Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur (MIHAN) project.[235] Additional smaller airports include Akola, Amravati, Chandrapur, Ratnagiri, and Solapur.[236] Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (Maha Metro), headquartered in Nagpur is a Joint Venture establishment of Government of India & Government of Maharashtra headquartered in Nagpur, India. Maha Metro is responsible for the implementation of all Maharashtra state metro projects, except the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Mumbai Metro is operational since 8 June 2014.[citation needed]
Education
.jpg)
Census of 2011 showed literacy rates in the state for males and females were around 88.38% and 75.87% respectively.[237]
Regions that comprise the present day state of Maharashtra have been known for their pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. Scottish missionary John Wilson, American Marathi mission, Indian nationalists such as Vasudev Balwant Phadke and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, social reformers such as Jyotirao Phule, Dhondo Keshav Karve and Bhaurao Patil played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges during the British colonial era.[238][239][240][241] The forerunner of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute was established in 1821. The Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University, the oldest women's liberal arts college in South Asia, started its journey in 1916. College of Engineering Pune, established in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia.[242] Government Polytechnic Nagpur, established in 1914, is one of the oldest polytechnics in India.[243] Most of the private colleges including religious and special-purpose institutions were set up in the last thirty years after the State Government of Vasantdada Patil liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.[244]
Primary and secondary level education
Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts, including religious institutions.The medium of instruction in most of the schools is mainly Marathi, English, or Hindi, though Urdu is also used. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS), and the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs.[citation needed]
Tertiary education
Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.[245][246] Established during the rule of East India company in 1857 as Bombay University, The University of Mumbai, is the largest university in the world in terms of the number of graduates.[247] It has 141 affiliated colleges.[248] According to a report published by The Times Education magazine, 5 to 7 Maharashtra colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in India.[249][250][251] Maharashtra is also home to notable autonomous institutes as Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Information Technology Pune, College of Engineering Pune (CoEP), Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Institute of Chemical Technology, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, and Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Sardar Patel College of Engineering (SPCE).[252] Most of these autonomous institutes are ranked the highest in India and have very competitive entry requirements. The University of Pune (now Savitribai Phule Pune University), the National Defence Academy, Film and Television Institute of India, Armed Forces Medical College, and National Chemical Laboratory were established in Pune soon after the Indian independence in 1947. Mumbai has an IIT, has National Institute of Industrial Engineering and Nagpur has IIM and AIIMS. Other notable institutes in the state are: Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur (MNLUN), Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai (MNLUM), Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad (MNLUA), Government Law College, Mumbai (GLC), ILS Law College, and Symbiosis Law School (SLS)[citation needed]
Agricultural universities include Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, and Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,[253] Regional universities viz. Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, North Maharashtra University, Shivaji University, Solapur University, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, and Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University are established to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state. deemed universities are established in Maharashtra, including Symbiosis International University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, and Tilak Maharashtra University.[254]
Vocational training in different trades such as construction, plumbing, welding, automobile mechanics is offered by post-secondary school Industrial Training Institute (ITIs).[255] Local community colleges also exist with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[256]
Infrastructure
Healthcare
Health indicators of Maharashtra show that they have attained relatively high growth against a background of high per capita income (PCI).[257] In 2011, the health care system in Maharashtra consisted of 363 rural government hospitals,[258] 23 district hospitals (with 7,561 beds), 4 general hospitals (with 714 beds) mostly under the Maharashtra Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and 380 private medical establishments; these establishments provide the state with more than 30,000 hospital beds.[259] It is the first state in India to have nine women's hospitals serving 1,365 beds.[259] The state also has a significant number of medical practitioners who hold the Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery qualifications. These practitioners primarily use the traditional Indian therapy of Ayurveda, nevertheless, modern western medicine is used as well.[260]
In Maharashtra as well as in the rest of India, Primary Health Centre (PHC) is part of the government-funded public health system and is the most basic unit of the healthcare system. They are essentially single-physician clinics usually with facilities for minor surgeries, too.[261] Maharashtra has a life expectancy at birth of 67.2 years in 2011, ranking it third among 29 Indian states.[262] The total fertility rate of the state is 1.9.[263] The Infant mortality rate is 28 and the maternal mortality ratio is 104 (2012–2013), which are lower than the national averages.[264][265] Public health services are governed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), through various departments. The Ministry is divided into two departments: the Public Health Department, which includes family welfare and medical relief, and the Department of Medical Education and Drugs.[266][267]
Health insurance includes any program that helps pay for medical expenses, through privately purchased insurance, social insurance, or a social welfare program funded by the government.[268] In a more technical sense, the term is used to describe any form of insurance that protects against the costs of medical services.[269] This usage includes private insurance and social insurance programs such as National Health Mission, which pools resources and spreads the financial risk associated with major medical expenses across the entire population to protect everyone, as well as social welfare programs such as National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Health Insurance Program, which assist people who cannot afford health coverage.[268][269][270]
Energy
Although its population makes Maharashtra one of the country's largest energy users,[271][272] conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centres, and strong environmental movements have kept its per capita energy use to one of the smallest of any Indian state.[273] The high electricity demand of the state constitutes 13% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India, which is derived mainly from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas.[274] Mahavitaran is responsible for the distribution of electricity throughout the state by buying power from Mahanirmiti, captive power plants, other state electricity boards, and private sector power generation companies.[273]
As of 2012[update], Maharashtra was the largest power generating state in India, with an installed electricity generation capacity of 26,838 MW.[272] The state forms a major constituent of the western grid of India, which now comes under the North, East, West and North Eastern (NEWNE) grids of India.[271] Maharashtra Power Generation Company (MAHAGENCO) operates thermal power plants.[275] In addition to the state government-owned power generation plants, there are privately owned power generation plants that transmit power through the Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company, which is responsible for the transmission of electricity in the state.[276]
Environmental protection and sustainability
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) is established and responsible for implementing various environmental legislations in the state principally including the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Water (Cess) Act, 1977 and some of the provisions under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the rules framed there under it including, Biomedical Waste (M&H) Rules, 1998, Hazardous Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000, and Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000. MPCB is functioning under the administrative control of the Environment Department of the Government of Maharashtra.[277] The Maharashtra Plastic and Thermocol Products ban became effective as law on 23 June 2018, subjecting plastic users to fines and potential imprisonment for repeat offenders.[278][279]
Culture
Cuisine
Maharashtrian cuisine includes a variety of dishes ranging from mild to very spicy ones. Wheat, rice, jowar, bajri, vegetables, lentils and fruit form staple food of the Maharashtrian diet. Some of the popular traditional dishes include puran poli, ukdiche modak, Thalipeeth.[280] Street food items like Batata wada, Misal Pav, Pav Bhaji and Vada pav are very popular among the locals and are usually sold on stalls and in small hotels.[281] Meals (mainly lunch and dinner) are served on a plate called thali. Each food item served on the thali is arranged in a specific way. All non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes are eaten with boiled rice, chapatis or with bhakris, made of jowar, bajra or rice flours. A typical vegetarian thali is made of chapati or bhakri (Indian flat bread), dal, rice (varan bhaat), amti, bhaji or usal, chutney, koshimbir (salad) and buttermilk or Sol kadhi. A bhaji is a vegetable dish made of a particular vegetable or combination of vegetables. Aamti is variant of the curry, typically consisting of a lentil (tur) stock, flavoured with goda masala and sometimes with tamarind or amshul, and jaggery (gul).[281][282] Varan is nothing but plain dal, a common Indian lentil stew. More or less, most of the dishes use coconut, onion, garlic, ginger, red chili powder, green chilies, and mustard though some section of the population traditionally avoid onion and garlics.[283][281]
Maharashtrian cuisine varies with the regions. Traditional Malvani (Konkani), Kolhapuri, and Varhadhi dishes are examples of well known regional cuisines.[283] Kolhapur is famous for Tambda Pandhra rassa, a dish made of either chicken or mutton.[284] Rice and seafood are the staple foods of the coastal Konkani people. Among seafood, the most popular is a fish variety called the Bombay duck (also known as bombil in Marathi).[citation needed]
Attire
.jpg)
Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the sari, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs.[285] Most middle-aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or shalwar kameez with the traditionally nauvari or nine-yard lugade,[286] disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand.[287] Older women wear the five-yard sari. In urban areas, the five-yard sari, especially the Paithani, is worn by younger women for special occasions such as marriages and religious ceremonies.[288] Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the dhoti, and pheta[289] on cultural occasions. The Gandhi cap is the popular headgear among older men in rural Maharashtra.[285][290][291] Women wear traditional jewellery derived from Maratha and Peshwa dynasties. Kolhapuri saaj, a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women.[285] In urban areas, western attire is dominant amongst women and men.[291]
Music
Maharashtra and Maharashtrian artists have been influential in preserving and developing Hindustani classical music for more than a century. Notable practitioners of Kirana or Gwalior style called Maharashtra their home. The Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival in Pune started by Bhimsen Joshi in the 1950s is considered the most prestigious Hindustani music festival in India, if not one of the largest.[292]
Cities like Kolhapur and Pune have been playing a major role in the preservation of music like Bhavageet and Natya Sangeet, which are inherited from Indian classical music. The biggest form of Indian popular music is songs from films produced in Mumbai. Film music, in 2009 made up 72% of the music sales in India.[293] Many the influential music composers and singers have called Mumbai their home.[citation needed]
In recent decades, the music scene in Maharashtra, and particularly in Mumbai has seen a growth of newer music forms such as rap.[294] The city also holds festivals in western music genres such as blues.[295] In 2006, the Symphony Orchestra of India was founded, housed at the NCPA in Mumbai. It is today the only professional symphony orchestra in India and presents two concert seasons per year, with world-renowned conductors and soloists.[citation needed]
Maharashtra has a long and rich tradition of folk music. Some of the most common forms of folk music in practice are Bhajan, Bharud, Kirtan, Gondhal,[296] and Koli Geet.[297]
Dance
Marathi dance forms draw from folk traditions. Lavani is popular form of dance in the state. The Bhajan, Kirtan and Abhangas of the Warkari sect (Vaishanav Devotees) have a long history and are part of their daily rituals.[298][299] Koli dance (called 'Koligeete') is among the most popular dances of Maharashtra. As the name suggests, it is related to the fisher folk of Maharashtra, who are called Koli. Popular for their unique identity and liveliness, their dances represent their occupation. This type of dance is represented by both men and women. While dancing, they are divided into groups of two. These fishermen display the movements of waves and casting of the nets during their koli dance performances.[300][301]
Theatre
Modern Theatre in Maharashtra can trace its origins to the British colonial era in the middle of the 19th century. It is modelled mainly after the western tradition but also includes forms like Sangeet Natak (musical drama). In recent decades, Marathi Tamasha has also been incorporated in some experimental plays.[302] The repertoire of Marathi theatre ranges from humorous social plays, farces, historical plays, and musical, to experimental plays and serious drama. Marathi Playwrights such as Vijay Tendulkar, Purushottam Laxman Deshpande, Mahesh Elkunchwar, Ratnakar Matkari, and Satish Alekar have influenced theatre throughout India.[303] Besides Marathi theatre, Maharashtra and particularly, Mumbai, has had a long tradition of theatre in other languages such as Gujarati, Hindi, and English.[304]
The National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCP) is a multi-venue, multi-purpose cultural centre in Mumbai which hosts events in music, dance, theatre, film, literature, and photography from India as well other places. It also presents new and innovative work in the performing arts field.[citation needed]
Literature
Maharashtra's regional literature is about the lives and circumstances of Marathi people in specific parts of the state. The Marathi language, which boasts a rich literary heritage, is written in the Devanagari script.[305] The earliest instance of Marathi literature is Dnyaneshwari, a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita by 13th-century Bhakti Saint Dnyaneshwar and devotional poems called abhangs by his contemporaries such as Namdev, and Gora Kumbhar. Devotional literature from the Early modern period includes compositions in praise of the God Pandurang by Bhakti saints such as Tukaram, Eknath, and Rama by Ramdas respectively.[306][307]
19th century Marathi literature includes mainly Polemic works of social and political activists such as Balshastri Jambhekar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Jyotirao Phule, and Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar. Keshavasuta was a pioneer in modern Marathi poetry. The Hindutva proponent, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was a prolific writer. His work in English and Marathi consists of many essays, two novels, poetry, and plays.
Four Marathi writers have been honoured with the Jnanpith Award, India's highest literary award. They include novelists, Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, and Bhalchandra Nemade, Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar (Kusumagraj) and Vinda Karandikar. The last two were known for their poetry as well.[308] Other notable writers from the early and mid 20th century include playwright Ram Ganesh Gadkari, novelist Hari Narayan Apte, poet, and novelist B. S. Mardhekar, Pandurang Sadashiv Sane, Vyankatesh Madgulkar, Pralhad Keshav Atre, Chintamani Tryambak Khanolkar, and Lakshman Shastri Joshi. Vishwas Patil, Ranjit Desai, and Shivaji Sawant are known for novels based on Maratha history. P. L. Deshpande gained popularity in the period after independence for depicting the urban middle class society. His work includes humour, travelogues, plays, and biographies.[309] Narayan Gangaram Surve, Shanta Shelke, Durga Bhagwat, Suresh Bhat, and Narendra Jadhav are some of the more recent authors.
Dalit literature originally emerged in the Marathi language as a literary response to the everyday oppressions of caste in mid-twentieth-century independent India, critiquing caste practices by experimenting with various literary forms.[310] In 1958, the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) in Mumbai.[311]
Maharashtra, and particularly the cities in the state such as Mumbai and Pune are diverse with different languages being spoken. Mumbai is called home by writers in English such as Rohinton Mistry, Shobha De, and Salman Rushdie. Their novels are set with Mumbai as the backdrop.[312] Many eminent Urdu poets such as Kaifi Azmi, Jan Nisar Akhtar, Gulzar, and Javed Akhtar have been residents of Mumbai.
Cinema
Maharashtra is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with enormous films, television series, books, and other media production companies being set there.[316] Mumbai has numerous film production studios and facilities to produce films.[317] Mainstream Hindi films are popular in Maharashtra, especially in urban areas. Mumbai is the largest centre for film and television production and a third of all Indian films are produced in the state. Multimillion-dollar Bollywood productions, with the most expensive costing up to ₹1.5 billion (US$18 million), are filmed there.[318]
The first Indian feature-length film, Raja Harishchandra, was made in Maharashtra by Dadasaheb Phalke in 1913.[319] Phalke is widely considered the father of Indian cinema.[320] The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema, given annually by the Government of India for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema.[321]
The Marathi film industry, initially located in Kolhapur, has spread throughout Mumbai. Well known for its art films, the early Marathi film industry included acclaimed directors such as Dadasaheb Phalke, V. Shantaram, Raja Thakur, Bhalji Pendharkar, Pralhad Keshav Atre, Baburao Painter, and Dada Kondke. Some of the directors who made acclaimed films in Marathi are Jabbar Patel, Mahesh Manjrekar, Amol Palekar, and Sanjay Surkar.
Durga Khote was one of the first women from respectable families to enter the film industry, thus breaking a social taboo.[322] Lalita Pawar, Sulabha Deshpande, and Usha Kiran featured in Hindi and Marathi movies. In 70s and 80s, Smita Patil, Ranjana Deshmukh, Reema Lagoo featured in both art and mainstream movies in Hindi and Marathi. Rohini Hattangadi starred in a number of acclaimed movies, and is the only Indian actress to win the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance as Kasturba Gandhi in Gandhi (1982).[323] Bhanu Athaiya was the first Indian to win an Oscar in Best Costume Design category for Gandhi (1982).[324][325] In 90s and 2000s, Urmila Matondkar and Madhuri Dixit starred in critically acclaimed and high grossing films in Hindi and Marathi.[citation needed]
In earliest days of Marathi cinema, Suryakant Mandhare was a leading star.[326] In later years, Shriram Lagoo, Nilu Phule, Vikram Gokhale, Dilip Prabhavalkar played character roles in theatre, and Hindi and Marathi films. Ramesh Deo and Mohan Joshi played leading men in Mainstream Marathi movies.[327][328] In 70s and 80s, Sachin Pilgaonkar, Ashok Saraf, Laxmikant Berde and Mahesh Kothare created a "comedy film wave" in Marathi Cinema.[citation needed]
Media
The state is home to more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines. The publishing industry employs more than 250,000 people.[329] There are number of Marathi news channels in the state viz News18 Lokmat, ABP Majha. As of December 2016[update], Sakal, published in Pune and other major cities, is the largest circulated Marathi Newspaper in Maharashtra.[330] Other major Marathi newspapers include Maharashtra Times, Loksatta, Nava Kaal, Pudhari, Lokmat and Sakal[331] Saptahik Sakal, Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha, and Chitralekha are some of the prominent Marathi magazines.[332] English language newspapers are confined to urban areas. Some popular among these are Daily News & Analysis, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Indian Express, Mumbai Mirror, Asian Age, MiD-DAY and The Free Press Journal. Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Mint, Business Standard, and The Financial Express are widely circulated.[333] Many newspapers in other Indian languages such as Nava Bharat in Hindi, Udayavani in Kannada, Mumbai Samachar in Gujarati, and The Inquilab in Urdu have Mumbai editions.[334]
The television industry in Maharashtra has been contributing significantly in the state's economy.[335] Doordarshan, a state-owned television broadcaster runs a channel named DD Sahyadri. Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Maharashtra through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable television provider. The four major Indian broadcast networks are all headquartered in Maharashtra: The Times, STAR India, CNN-IBN and ZEEL. Multi-system operators provide a range of Marathi, Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. There are number of entertainment channels that exclusively streams content in Marathi including Zee Marathi, Zee Yuva, Colors Marathi, Star Pravah, Sony Marathi, and Fakt Marathi.[citation needed]
All India Radio airs its content through multiple channels including Air Marathi, FM Gold, and FM Rainbow. Air India's commercially successful air channel Vividh Bharti is headquartered in Mumbai. Private radio stations like Big 92.7 FM, Radio Mirchi, Red FM, Vasundhara Vahini, Radio Dhamaal 24, and My FM air in all major cities.[336] Airtel, BSNL, Jio, and VI networks provide cellular services and have covered most of the Maharashtra. Broadband internet is available in most of the towns, villages, and cities, provided by the state-run MTNL and BSNL and by other private companies.[337]
Sports
Cricket is the most popular spectator sport in Maharashtra. It is played as an exercise and recreational activity. Maharashtra is represented by three teams in Domestic Cricket namely Maharashtra, Mumbai and Vidarbha cricket team. These teams are governed by Maharashtra cricket association, Mumbai Cricket Association, and Vidarbha Cricket Association, respectively.[338][339][340] [a] Governing body of Cricket in India, BCCI, has its headquarters in Churchgate, Mumbai. The state also has Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Mumbai Indians based in Mumbai which plays its home matches at Wankhede Stadium. Brabourne Stadium, Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai and New VCA Stadium, Nagpur are international cricket stadiums, which are the venues for international cricket.[341][342]
At 2023 National games, Maharashtra won highest number of medals among the states and was first in the total medals tally behind Services. Maharashtra won 228 total medals, of which are 80 gold medals.[343]
Kabaddi, Kho kho, Kushti, and Mallakhamba are some of the traditional games that are played in the state. Kusti and bullock cart races are popular in rural areas of South-west Maharashtra, are organised by villagers during the annual fairs.[344][345][346] Amateur wrestling tournaments Hind Kesari, Maharashtra Kesari are held annually.[347] Badminton, Volleyball, Tennis are played as a recreational activity in urban areas.[348][349] The beaches of Konkan coast, mountains of the Western Ghats, and the lakes formed by numerous dams in the state facilitate adventure sports such as paragliding, rock climbing, trekking, mountaineering, water sports, and scuba diving and are popular among visitors.[350][351][352]
India's only world class Tennis championship Maharashtra Open tennis championship are annually organised in Pune by governing body of tennis in the state, 'Maharashtra Lawn Tennis Association' (MLTA). The tournament is part of ATP Tour 250.[b][353][354] Mumbai and Pune hold derby races at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse and Pune Race Course respectively.[355][356] Various domestic level leagues for field hockey, chess, tennis, and badminton are organised throughout the state.[dubious – discuss][357] The Maharashtra football team represents the state in the Santosh Trophy, football tournament.
Many national-level football club are based in this state, such as Mumbai Tigers FC, Kenkre FC, Bengal Mumbai FC, and Air India FC.[358] Two clubs from the state participate in Elite Football League of India.[359][needs update] Mumbai Gladiators and Pune Marathas are teams based in Mumbai and Pune respectively.[360][361] Puneri Paltan, U Mumba, Pro Kabbadi, league teams are based in Pune and Mumbai respectively.
Tourism
Maharashtra has a number of places that attracts national and international tourists. The most popular or well known are Mumbai city, Ajanta, Ellora caves and the Nature reserves in the state.[362] Ajanta–Ellora are the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Mumbai, being the biggest and the most cosmopolitan city in India, attracts tourists from all over the world for its many attractions including colonial architecture, beaches, Bollywood, shopping, and an active nightlife.[363][364] The city attracts three million foreign and forty million domestic tourists annually. The state wants to increase the numbers by allowing retailers and entertainment venues to be open 24-hours a day, seven days a week.[365]
Pune city, along with MTDC, organises many cultural events during Pune festival which coincides with the Hindu Ganeshotsav festival.[366][367][368][369] Hill stations built during the British rule are popular tourist destinations, especially during the summer months.These include Mahabaleshwar, Lonavala, and Matheran in Western Maharashtra, and Chikhaldara in the Vidarbha region.[370] The mountainous districts of Western Maharashtra are dotted with the ruins of hundreds of mountain forts from the Deccan Sultanate and the Maratha empire eras. These forts and the surrounding hills are popular among people interested in trekking, and hiking, and heritage tourism related to Shivaji. Notable forts popular with tourists include Shivaneri, Rajgad, Sinhagad, Raigad, and Pratapgad.[371]
A number of temples such as Trimbakeshwar, Bhavani of Tuljapur, Shani Shingnapur, Jyotiba Temple, Ashtavinayaka Ganapati temples, Lord Pandurang temple at Pandharpur attract a huge number of Hindu devotees every year. Khandoba temple of God Khandoba at Jejuri in the Pune district attract pilgrims from all over the Maharashtra where worshippers shower each other with Bhandar (turmaric powder).[372] Saibaba temple at Shirdi is visited by an average of 25,000 pilgrims a day and during religious festivals, this number can reach up to 300,000.[373] The places associated with the Warkari sect such as Pandharpur, Dehu, and Alandi remain popular throughout the year, and attract huge number of people from all over the state during religious observations.[374] Situated in Nanded, Sikh Gurudwara of Hazur Sahib, also known as Takht Sachkhand Sri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib, is one of the five takhts in Sikhism. The area around the city of Aurangabad has many ancient and medieval sites including the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Ajanta and Ellora caves, the Daulatabad Fort, and the Bibi Ka Maqbara.[375]
The Vidarbha region of Maharashtra has numerous nature reserve parks. These include Melghat Tiger Reserve in Amravati district, Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve in Chandrapur district,[376] Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary in Nagpur district, the Nagzira wildlife sanctuary, and Navegaon National Park (bird sanctuary) of Gondia District.
According to a survey by the government of Maharashtra, in 2009–10, domestic tourists accounted for 98% of the total number of visitors to Maharashtra and the remaining were foreign.[377] Visitors from the US, UK, Germany, and UAE each form a significant percentage of the foreign tourists.[377] The state government has established the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) for the systematic development and promotion of tourism in the state. MTDC owns and maintains resorts at all key tourist centres.[378]
-
Night-time skyline of Downtown Mumbai at Nariman Point -
Ganeshotsav festival in Pune -
-
Venna Lake at Mahabaleshwar -
-
Pandharpur, a Hindu pilgrimage centre in the state
See also
- List of Maratha dynasties and states
- List of people from Maharashtra
- List of districts of Maharashtra
- List of villages of Maharashtra
- List of synagogues in Maharashtra
- List of cities in Maharashtra by population
- Make in Maharashtra
- Religion in Maharashtra
Footnotes
- ^ Mumbai Cricket Association control governs cricket in Mumbai district, Palghar district and Thane districts and select players for their Mumbai cricket team from these areas only.
- ^ Maharashtra Open is the only ATP championship in South Asia.
References
- ^ "Iconic 'Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza' proclaimed new State Song". 31 January 2023.
- ^ Jerry Pinto; Naresh Fernandes (2003). Bombay, Meri Jaan: Writings on Mumbai. Penguin Books. p. 237. ISBN 9780143029663.
- ^ "MAHARASHTRA SADAN NEW DELHI". Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ "Kalsubai". 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ "Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for Maharashtra and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: Maharashtra". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ a b "The Maharashtra Official Languages Act, 1964; Amendment Act, 2015" (PDF). lawsofindia.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2017.
- ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- ^ "Maharsatra GSDP likely to expand by 10% in FY 2024-25". The Economic Times. PTI. 1 March 2024. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2022-23, Government of Maharashtra" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. 1 February 2022. p. 21. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "GDP Of Indian States And Union Territories". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI". Global Data Lab. 15 June 2021. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ "Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)". Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d "State Animal, Bird, Tree and Flower". Panna Tiger Reserve. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "State Mammal Blue Mormon :: Maharashtra". The Hindu. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ "State Flower Jarul: Maharashtra". city flowers. 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ Dinesh Valke. "Official Flora of States and Union Territories of India". flowers of india. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ Ministry of Law, Government of India (1960). The Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ^ "Maharashtra Tourism". Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
- ^ Bhushan Kale (10 December 2014). "उपराजधानी ते राजधानी 'शिवनेरी'ची सवारी" [Uparājdhānī tē Rājdhānī' śivanērī'cī Savārī]. Divya Marathi (in Marathi). Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ^ "India". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Western Ghats". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ —Prabhu, K. Seeta; Sarker, P.C. (5 September 1992), "Identification of Levels of Development: Case of Maharashtra", Economic and Political Weekly, 26 (36): 1927–1937, ISSN 0012-9976, JSTOR 4398849
—Pletcher, Kenneth (1 April 2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places Understanding India. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-615-30202-4. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
—Sundar, K.R. Shyam (2009). "Current State and Evolution of Industrial Relations in Maharashtra". International Labour Organization. Cornell University: 8–30. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
—"Maharashtra's 2025 agenda: Why state's $1 trillion GDP target could make it India's growth engine". Financial Express. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018. - ^ Biswas, Soutik (17 May 2023). "Maharashtra, India's richest state". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ "India's richest province of Maharashtra is the nation's best performer". Bloomberg.
- ^ —Planning Commission of the Government of India (2007). Maharashtra, Development Report. Academic Foundation. p. 407. ISBN 978-8-171-88540-4.
—Bhandari Laveesh (2009). Indian States at a Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures – Maharashtra. Pearson Education India. p. 176. ISBN 978-8-131-72343-2. - ^ —Pletcher, Kenneth (1 April 2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places Understanding India. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-615-30202-4. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
—Mookerjee, Sitanshu; Wanmali, Sudhir Vyankatesh, "Maharashtra", Encyclopædia Britannica, archived from the original on 28 June 2020, retrieved 4 July 2020,Maharashtra is one of India's biggest commercial and industrial centres, and it has played a significant role in the country's social and political life. Maharashtra is a leader among Indian states in terms of agricultural and industrial production, trade and transport, and education.
—Sundar, K.R. Shyam (2009). "Current State and Evolution of Industrial Relations in Maharashtra". International Labour Organization. Cornell University: 8–70. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020. - ^ "HDI: How States Fare in Human Development". Centre for Economic Data & Analysis. 23 January 2023. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ "The Linguist List". The Linguist List. 22 June 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
- ^ a b c Maharashtra State Gazetteers: General Series. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications. 1967. p. 208. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- ^ a b H. H. Risley (1908). Census of India, 1901, Volume I, Ethnographic Appendices (PDF) (Report). p. 93. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2020.
- ^ a b K. Balasubramanyam (1965). the mysore. Mittal Publications. p. 174. GGKEY:HRFC6GWCY6D. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- ^ Bahadur), Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai (1974). Man in India. A.K. Bose. p. 40.
- ^ Tej Ram Sharma (1978). Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions. Concept Publishing Co., Delhi. p. 209. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- ^ Upinder Singh (2008), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century Archived 28 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine, p.232
- ^ P. K. Basant (2012), The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa, pp. 92–96
- ^ Nayanjot Lahiri (5 August 2015). Ashoka in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-674-05777-7.
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson Education. pp. 229–233. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
- ^ Thapar, Romila (2002). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-520-24225-4.
- ^ India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: p. 440
- ^ Ali Javid (2008). World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-87586-484-6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ Indian History, p. B-57
- ^ A Comprehensive History of Ancient India (3 Vols. Set): p. 203
- ^ The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 by Romila Thapar: pp. 365–366
- ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen: pp. 383–384
- ^ "Kingdoms of South Asia – Indian Bahamani Sultanate". The History Files, United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ Bhasker Anand Saletore (1934). Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346–A.D. 1646). B.G. Paul. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ A Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India. E. Keys. 1883. pp. 26–28. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ ANWAR, M. S. (1994). MALIK AMBAR AND THE MUGHALS, 1601-26. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 55, 355–367. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44143374 Archived 31 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Malik Ambar (1548–1626): the rise and fall of military slavery". British Library. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 9780521566032.
- ^ J. J. Roy Burman. (2001). Shivaji’s Myth and Maharashtra’s Syncretic Traditions. Economic and Political Weekly, 36(14/15), 1226–1234. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4410485 Archived 31 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Bijapur (Adil Shah Dynasty)". The History Files, United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ "Bijapur (Vijapura), the historic city". Bijapur district administration. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ Pearson, M. N. (1976). "Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire". The Journal of Asian Studies. 35 (2): 221–235. doi:10.2307/2053980. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2053980. S2CID 162482005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ Osborne, Eric (2020). "The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 31 (5): 988–1009. doi:10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711. ISSN 0959-2318. S2CID 221060782.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Gordon, Stewart (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 3–4, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ Sridharan, K. (2000). Sea: Our Saviour. New Age International (P) Ltd. ISBN 978-81-224-1245-1. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal (1 February 2008). Discovery of India. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-85990-05-2. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ "Full text of "Selections from the papers of Lord Metcalfe; late governor-general of India, governor of Jamaica, and governor-general of Canada"". archive.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
- ^ N. G. Rathod (1994). The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons. p. 180. ISBN 978-81-85431-52-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ Sharma, Yogesh (2010). Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India. Primus Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-93-80607-00-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ R. V. Russell (1997). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II). Library of Alexandria. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4655-8294-2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ Chhabra, G. S. (2004). Advanced study in the history of modern India ([3rd ed.] ed.). New Delhi: Lotus Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-8189093075. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Jaffe, James (2015). Ironies of Colonial Governance: Law, Custom and Justice in Colonial India. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University press. pp. 68–96. ISBN 978-1107087927. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Wadia, Sorab P. N. (1897). The institution of trial by jury in India. University of Michigan. pp. 29–30.
jury poona.
- ^ Heitzman, James (2008). The city in South Asia (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 978-0415574266.
pune.
- ^ Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2). Government Central press. 1885. p. 156. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 PTS.)". 1885. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Keer, Dhananjay (1997). Mahatma Jotirao Phooley: father of the Indian social revolution ([New ed.]. ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-7154-066-2. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Naregal, Veena (2002). Language politics, elites, and the public sphere: western India under colonialism. London: Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1843310549. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Mutalik, Maitreyee. "Review of Body Snatching to Body Donation: Past and Present: A Comprehensive Update., Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2015 July; 6(3): (B) 428 – 439"
- ^ Ramanna, Mridula (2012). Health care in Bombay Presidency, 1896–1930. Delhi: Primus Books. p. 102. ISBN 9789380607245. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Kosambi, Meera; Feldhaus, Ann (2000). Intersections: socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra. New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 139. ISBN 9788125018780. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Chavan, Dilip (2013). Language politics under colonialism : caste, class and language pedagogy in western India. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. p. 174. ISBN 978-1443842501. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Chavan, Dilip (2013). Language politics under colonialism : caste, class and language pedagogy in western India (1st ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 136–184. ISBN 978-1443842501. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ Deo, Shripad D. (1996). Natarajan, Nalini (ed.). Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0313287787. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Rajyashree (1994). Goparaju Sambasiva Rao (ed.). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7.
- ^ Tucker, R., 1976. Hindu Traditionalism and Nationalist Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra. Modern Asian Studies, 10(3), pp.321-348.
- ^ "B.G. Kher – Profile and biography City". Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ "History of Kolhapur City". Kolhapur Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ Radheshyam Jadhav (30 April 2010). "Samyukta Maharashtra movement". The Times of India. The Times Group. Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ "The Samyukta Maharashtra movement". Daily News and Analysis. Dainik Bhaskar Group. Diligent Media Corporation. 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ Lele, J., 1995. "Saffronisation of the Shiv Sena". Economic and Political Weekly, 24.
- ^ Bhagwat, Ramu (3 August 2013). "Linguistic states". The Times of India. The Times Group. Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ Banerjee, S. (1997). "The Saffron Wave: The Eleventh General Elections in Maharashtra". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (40): 2551–2560. JSTOR 4405925.
- ^ "Border dispute: Karnataka CM's comments need to be taken seriously, says Maharashtra Congress chief Nana Patole". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Sirsikar, V.M. (1966). Politics in Maharashtra, Problems and Prospects (PDF). Poona: University of Poona. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- ^ "Belgaum border dispute". Deccan Chronicle. Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^ Prabhu, Nagesh (30 December 2021). "The dispute over Belagavi". Thehindu.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- ^ "AgriData". Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ a b c "Maharashtra Geography". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "Western Ghats as world heritage site". The Times of India. 2 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ a b "State Farmer Guide". Government of India. Ministry of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Maharashtra Rivers". Maharashtra Tourism. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "Geographical set up" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "Cities of Maharashtra". Maharashtra Tourism. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "Regions in Maharashtra". Discover India Portal. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "United Nations Development Programme". United Nations. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "A Deccan Odyssey destination". Maharashtra Tourism. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ Asian Review. 1898. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ "Agro Climatic Zones of Maharashtra" (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Swain, S.; et al. (July 2017). "Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India". 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). Vol. 2017. pp. 5505–5507. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250. ISBN 978-1-5090-4951-6. S2CID 26920225.
- ^ "Climate - ENVIS". Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (Maharashtra). Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Guhathakurta, Pulak; Saji, Elizabeth (1 June 2013). "Detecting changes in rainfall pattern and seasonality index vis-à-vis increasing water scarcity in Maharashtra". Journal of Earth System Science. 122 (3): 639–649. Bibcode:2013JESS..122..639G. doi:10.1007/s12040-013-0294-y. S2CID 132556072.
- ^ Mall, R. K.; Gupta, Akhilesh; Singh, Ranjeet; Singh, R. S.; Rathore, L. S. (2006). "Water resources and climate change: An Indian perspective". Current Science. 90 (12): 1610–1626. JSTOR 24091910.
- ^ "Climate of Maharashtra" (PDF). Public Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ Singh, K.S. and Mehta, B.V., 2004. Maharashtra (Vol. 30). Popular Prakashan. page=5 [1] Archived 4 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The State's forest cover". Wildlife Conservation Trust, Mumbai. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Forest department". Forest Management system. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Formation of the Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board" (PDF). Maharashtra Forest Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ "About Us | Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board". Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ "Forest Types". Maharashtra Forest. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ "The Melghat Forests". Dhakna –Kolkaz wildlife sanctuary. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014..
- ^ "Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- ^ "Flora And Fauna of Maharashtra". Discovered India. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ "Study identifies 1,527 species of marine fauna in state". Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "Districts" Archived 12 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, maha.gov.in
- ^ "Talukas of Maharashtra". District department. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "District level governance" (PDF). The Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
- ^ a b "Department of Panchayati Raj". Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ "Panchayati raj in state" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra regional and town planning" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Short title and extent" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "List of Municipal Corporation" (PDF). Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ "A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Provisional population totals". Census of India. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Population of Maharashtra 2011 census". Press Population. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ a b c "Population proportion in Maharashtra" (PDF). UNICEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Census India Info" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
- ^ "Population statistics of state". Zee News. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ Dahiwale, S. M. (1995). "Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra". Economic and Political Weekly. 30 (6): 336–342. JSTOR 4402382.
- ^ "Tribals of Maharashtra". Central Cluster UUPGS. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Census of India 2011, PCA Maharashtra" (PDF). Director of Census Operations Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
- ^ "53% of Mumbai's migrants from within Maharashtra". The Times of India. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ^ Verma, Monika (2011). "Return of the Politics of Nativism in Maharashtra". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 72 (3): 747–758. JSTOR 41858848.
- ^ "Maharashtra in elite group with 83% literacy". The Times of India. 19 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
- ^ "C-8 Educational Level By Age And Sex For Population Age 7 And Above". Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Population by Religion - Maharashtra". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
- ^ Benaim, Rachel Delia (23 February 2015). "For India's Largest Jewish Community, One Muslim Makes All the Tombstones". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ PTI (26 July 2016). "Parsi population dips by 22% between 2001-2011: study". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "The Maharashtra Official Languages Act, 1964" (PDF). Bombay High Court. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ^ "Most spoken language in Maharashtra". The Times of India. 14 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
- ^ Vijayendra, T., Dakhni—People's Language, frontierweekly.com Volume 39, issue 22, [2] Archived 3 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kazi, N.M., 2013. Measuring Impact of Tourism in India: A Case Study of Aurangabad.
- ^ "Legislative assembly Maharashtra". Congress. Maharashtra Congress. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Total seats, key parties, key candidates, schedule - Important and unpredictable". The Economic Times. 11 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "Fifteenth Lok Sabha members". Parliament of India. Lok Sabha. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Members of Rajya Sabha". Parliament of India. Rajya Sabha. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "The Council of Ministers". Government of J & K. J & K Raj Bhavan. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "CM Selection". Election Commission. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "State body info". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Office of Chief Conservator of Forests & Deputy Director General, Social Forestry" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ "Introduction". The Bombay High Court. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "History of High Court of Bombay". bombayhighcourt.nic.in. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ^ "State cabinet nod to HC circuit bench in Kolhapur – The Times of India". The Times of India. 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ^ "The High Court of Bombay". High Court of Bombay. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ a b "Governing Council". High Court of Bombay. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
- ^ "State supports all-India judicial service proposal". The Indian Express. Indian Express Group. 14 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ "Introduction to Maharashtra Judiciary". Maharashtra Judicial Academy. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
- ^ "District Courts, Maharashtra". Maharashtra Judiciary. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra Judicial Academy" (PDF). csi-sigegov.org/. Computer Society of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
- ^ Simon Denyer (24 June 2014). Rogue Elephant: Harnessing the Power of India's Unruly Democracy. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-1-62040-608-3.
- ^ Palshikar, S., 2004. Issues in an Issue-less Election: Assembly Polls in Maharashtra. Economic and Political weekly, pp.4399-4403.
- ^ "Is the BJP less dynastic than the Congress? Not so, Lok Sabha data shows". 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ a b Kanchan Chandra (28 April 2016). Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131, 136. ISBN 978-1-316-59212-0. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ Wilkinson, Steven (January 2005). "Elections in India: Behind the Congress Comeback". Journal of Democracy. 16 (1): 153–167. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0018. S2CID 154957863.
- ^ Kamat, A.R. (October 1980). "Politico-economic developments in Maharashtra: a review of the post-independence period". Economic and Political Weekly. 15 (40): 1669–1678. JSTOR 4369147.
- ^ Palshikar, S.; Birmal, N. (18 December 2004). "Maharashtra: Towards a New Party System". Economic and Political Weekly. 39 (51): 5467–5472. JSTOR 4415934.
- ^ "Clean yet invisible: Prithviraj Chavan quits as CM, did anyone notice?". Firstpost. 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra CM Prithviraj Chavan's rivals get key posts for Assembly polls". India Today. 16 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Right man in the wrong polity". Tehelka. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "BJP, Shiv Sena announce alliance in Maharashtra". IndiaToday.in Mumbai. 4 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ "#LokSabhaElection". Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Political drama has gripped the home state of Bollywood". No. 30 November 2019. The Economist. Archived from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ "Maharashtra: With 169 votes, Uddhav-led govt sails through Assembly floor test, BJP stages walkout". Indian Express. No. 30 November 2019. Indian Express newspapers. Archived from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ "Udhav Thackeray swearing in as CM". Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "Maharashtra swearing-in HIGHLIGHTS: Farmers first; Uddhav sets priority after first cabinet meet". The Indian Express. 28 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ "Uddhav Thackeray sworn in as 19th CM of Maharashtra: First of family to hold this office, 59-yr-old gets kudos from Modi, Sonia Gandhi". Firstpost. 29 November 2019. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ Karthikeyan, Suchitra (22 June 2022). "Maharashtra Political Crisis: MVA slides into minority; here's how the numbers stand". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ "What's next in the Maharashtra political crisis? Decoding the future of the MVA alliance". Firstpost. 23 June 2022. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ "Maharashtra: The political crisis brewing in India's richest state". BBC News. 23 June 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
To avoid disqualification under India's anti-defection law, Mr Shinde needs the support of 37 lawmakers in the state. He has claimed the support of 40 Sena lawmakers and six independents, but the number is yet to be independently verified
- ^ Rajagopal, Krishnadas (15 March 2023). "Governors cannot precipitate the fall of elected governments: Supreme Court". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Should India abolish its state governors?". BBC News. 21 March 2023. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Uddhav Thackeray resigns as Maharashtra chief minister hours ahead of trust vote". Hindustan Times. 29 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ a b * "Eknath Shinde to take oath as Maharashtra Chief Minister at 7:30 pm today, announces Devendra Fadnavis". Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- "Maharashtra political crisis Live Updates: Devendra Fadnavis names Eknath Shinde as Maharashtra CM". The Indian Express. 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- "Maharashtra swearing-in ceremony Live Updates: Eknath Shinde to be Maharashtra CM, Fadnavis announces". The Indian Express. 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- "Maharashtra Political Crisis LIVE Updates: Eknath Shinde takes oath as chief minister of Maharashtra, Devendra Fadnavis as deputy CM". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- "Eknath Shinde Takes Oath As Chief Minister, Devendra Fadnavis His Deputy". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ a b NETWORK, LIVELAW NEWS (16 March 2023). "Shiv Sena Case : Supreme Court Constitution Bench Reserves Judgment". www.livelaw.in. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ a b Rajagopal, Krishnadas (16 March 2023). "Supreme Court reserves judgment on Maharashtra political row". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (12 May 2023). "Sena vs Sena: Supreme Court slams governor's role, but spares Eknath Shinde govt". Mumbai. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Maharashtra Governor, Speakers' Actions Illegal But Can't Restore Uddhav Govt: Supreme Court". The Wire. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Sena vs Sena: Month after SC verdict, Speaker yet to kick off process in MLAs' disqualification case as MVA cries foul". The Indian Express. 11 June 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "Uddhav faction moves SC to expedite disqualification pleas against Shinde, others". Hindustan Times. 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "SC to hear Uddhav's plea to quash ECI order giving Shiv Sena name, symbol to Maharashtra CM Shinde led faction on July 31". The Hindu. 10 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Sharma, Padmakshi (10 July 2023). "Shiv Sena Rift : Supreme Court To Hear Uddhav's Plea Against ECI Order Recognising Shinde Faction On July 31". www.livelaw.in. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "Ajit Pawar Maharashtra Deputy Cm: Ajit Pawar joins NDA govt, takes oath as deputy CM of Maharashtra - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. 2 July 2023. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "-ncp-a-day-after-sharad-pawars-fightback-nephew-ajit-again-approaches-election-commission-for-party-symbol". Times of india. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Net state domestic product at factor cost—state-wise (at current prices)". Handbook of statistics on Indian economy. Reserve Bank of India. 15 September 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ Planning Commission of the Government of India (2007). Maharashtra, Development Report. Academic Foundation. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-81-7188-540-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ "Assessing climate change vulnerability and adaptation strategies for Maharashtra State". Department of Environment. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
- ^ "Overview of MSSIDC". The Maharashtra Small Scale Industries Development Corporation Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ Pachouly, Manish (9 August 2011). "Taxpayers in Maharashtra". Hindustan Times. HT Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ a b "Service sector synopsis on Maharashtra" (PDF). RBI's Regional Office – Mumbai. Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ "Economic Survey" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "India's top 25 states with highest GDP". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ^ "Statement 19: Total Outstanding Liabilities of State Governments (As at end-March)". Reserve Bank of India. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ^ "Maharashtra most indebted, Tamil Nadu gathering debt fastest". Hindustan Times. 25 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Industrial investments in Maharashtra". Delhi Mumbai industrial corridor portal. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra service sector". Maharashtra Business and Service Directory. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ "Public Sector Undertakings". Planning Commission. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ a b c "Report on IT Sector in Maharashtra. Amol Lakhamle was Director of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), an apex organization for curricular reforms in India" (PDF). Industry Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ "Media and Entertainment Industry -Brief Introduction". ibef.org/. India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF). Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ Richard Corliss (16 September 1996). "Hooray for Bollywood!". Time. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ Jadhav, V., 2016. When marathi cinema became maratha: A historical perspective on macho-ism in marathi cinema.LENSIGHT Quarterly Academic Journal of Film and media OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2016 ISSN 2395-4604 [3] Archived 11 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ S.S. Kalamkar (14 September 2011). Agricultural Growth and Productivity in Maharashtra: Trends and Determinants. Allied Publishers. pp. 18, 39, 64, 73. ISBN 978-81-8424-692-6.
- ^ Lalvani, Mala (2008). "Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective". The Journal of Development Studies. 44 (10): 1474–1505. doi:10.1080/00220380802265108. S2CID 154425894.
- ^ Patil, Anil (9 July 2007). "Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra". Rediff India. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ Banishree Das; Nirod Kumar Palai & Kumar Das (18 July 2006). "Problems and Prospects of the Cooperative Movement in India Under the Globalization Regime" (PDF). XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki 2006, Session 72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ^ "Mahanand Dairy". Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
- ^ "Microfinance, Self-Help Groups and Empowerment in Maharashtra" (PDF). National Commission for Women, New Delhi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Top urban co-op banks set to expand area of operations". 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ "Multimodal transportation system in state". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Public Private Partnerships in India". pppinindia.com/. Ministry of Finance. Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "List of State-wise National Highways in India". knowindia.gov.in/. Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation". msrtc.gov.in/. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Village speed limit in maharashtra". rediff.com/. Rediff News. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ Raghunathan, V.; Prasad, V. (1 July 2015). "The Birth of the East India Railway". Beyond the Call of Duty. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 9789351772651.
- ^ "Western Railway in its present form". Indian Railways. Western Railway. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ^ "Central Railway's Head Quarter". Central Railway. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ^ "Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani Express". The Times of India. 20 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ "Thane is busiest railway station in Mumbai". The Times of India. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^ "List of ports in Maharashtra". Regional Port Offices. Maharashtra Maritime Board. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ "Sea ports of Maharashtra". Geo cities organisation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ^ "Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease". The Times of India. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ "MIDC projects". Maharashtra Airport Development Company. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Statewise airfield list". cad.gujarat.gov.in/. Director Civil Aviation, Government of Gujarat. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
- ^ "Literacy in India". Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ "The Personality and Philosophy of Lokmanya B.G. Tilak". ncte-india.org/. NCTE: National Council For Teacher Education. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Mahatma Jotiba Phule: An Educational Philosopher". sikhinstitute.org/. Institute of Sikh Studies. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Dr. B.R.Ambedkar's Contribution To Buddhist Education". countercurrents.org/. Counter Currents news portal. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ George Smith (7 June 2012). Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-108-05045-6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ "The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School". College of Engineering, Pune. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ Government Polytechnic, Nagpur Training Brochure (PDF). 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ^ Bhosale, Jayashree (10 November 2007). "Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ "State University". University Grants Commission. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ "Universities of Maharashtra". Education information of India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ Swami, V.N. (2020). विद्याभरती जिल्हा मध्यवर्ती सहकारी बँक भारती परीक्षा मार्गदर्शक (in Marathi). Latur, India: Vidyabharti Publication. p. 65.
- ^ "Mumbai University Affiliated Colleges". University of Mumbai. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ "10 Indian universities in developing nations top 100 list". The Times of India. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "India's Best Universities for 2013". India Today. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Top colleges in state". India Today. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "List of autonomous institutes in Maharashtra" (PDF). University Grants Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ "Welcome to MCAER official website". mcaer.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ^ "List of Deemed Universities" (PDF). aicte-india.org. All India Council for Technical Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ Melsens, S.; Mangaonkar–Vaiude, P.; Bertels, Inge (2017). Campbell, James (ed.). Building Histories: the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Construction History Society Conference. Cambridge UK: The Construction History Society. pp. 27–38. ISBN 978-0-9928751-3-8. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ Chhapia, Hemali (11 March 2021). "Maharashtra: Community colleges to be part of new skills varsity". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ George, Alex; Nandraj, Sunil (1993). "State of Health Care in Maharashtra: A Comparative Analysis". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (32/33): 1671–1683. JSTOR 4400025.
- ^ "List of hospitals in state". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ a b "List of Women Hospital". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ Dabhade, Sangeeta; et al. (2013). "Comparative evaluation of prescriptions of MBBS and BAMS doctors using WHO prescribing indicators". Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University. 6 (4): 411. doi:10.4103/0975-2870.118294 (inactive 1 November 2024).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ "Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) Guidelines for Primary Health Centres Revised 2012". Archive.org. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- ^ "Inequality- adjusted Human Development Index for India's states" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Health Indicators of Maharashtra". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Impressive drop in maternal, infant mortality rates". The Hindu. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Infant Mortality Rate". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "1 1 Medical Education & Drugs Department" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Public health department". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Health Intelligence & Vital Statistics" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Maharashtra tie up for diagnostic facilities". The Hindu. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra State Health Status". Government of Maharashtra. 2 May 2012. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Maharashtra used up 1193 MW more power in winter". The Times of India. The Times Group. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ a b "Indian Power Sector". indianpowersector.com/. Ministry of Power. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Electricity Governance Initiative" (PDF). electricitygovernance.wri.org/. Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Electricity tariff in Maharashtra" (PDF). mercindia.org.in/. Maharashtra State Electricity Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra State Power Generation Company -A Power Generating Utility". mahagenco.in/. Maharashtra State Power Generation Company. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ "Power demand-supply position of the state of Maharashtra". Green guide. 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Introduction". MPCB. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ "Plastic ban in Maharashtra: What is allowed, what is banned". TheIndianExpress. 27 June 2018. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ^ "Plastic Waste Management in Maharashtra". Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. 23 June 2018. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ^ Asha Khatau (February 2004). Epicure S Vegetarian Cuisines Of India. Popular Prakashan. pp. 12, 63. ISBN 978-81-7991-119-8.
- ^ a b c "Cuisine of Maharashtra". marathiheritage.com. Maharashtra Heritage news portal. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra Recipes". food.ndtv.com. NDTV. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ a b "Maharashtrian food". maharashtratourism.gov.in/. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ Marathé, Kaumudi (2009). The Essential Marathi Cookbook. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-306802-0.
- ^ a b c "Costumes of Maharashtra". Maharashtra Tourism. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1995) [1966]. Indian Costume (2nd ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. p. 186. ISBN 978-81-7154-403-5. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ Kher 2003.
- ^ Kher, Swati (2003). "Bid farewell to her". Indian Express, Mumbai Newsline. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
- ^ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1995) [1966]. Indian Costume (2nd ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. p. 177. ISBN 978-81-7154-403-5. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ Bhanu, B.V. (2004). People of India: Maharashtra, Part 2. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 1033, 1037, 1039. ISBN 978-81-7991-101-3. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Traditional costumes of Maharashtra". Marathi Heritage Organisation. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ Grimes, Jeffrey Michael (December 2008). The geography of Hindustani music : the influence of region and regionalism on the North Indian classical tradition (Thesis). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.390.2265. hdl:2152/18235. ProQuest 304195106.
- ^ Pinglay, Prachi (10 December 2009). "Plans to start India music awards". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- ^ Datta, Jayanti (July 2020). "A New Sense of the Sacred" (PDF). PostScriptum (ii): 234–245. ISSN 2456-7507. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ Gupta, D.R., Paper 11: Special Interest Tourism Module 22: Musical Festivals and Events (Doctoral dissertation, Central University of Jammu).
- ^ Krishnamachari, Suganthy (16 August 2018). "The Gondhala music of Maharashtra". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- ^ Zelliot, Eleanor; Berntsen, Maxine (1988). The Experience of Hinduism : essays on religion in Maharashtra. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-88706-662-7. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
gondhali maharashtra.
- ^ Kumar, Raj, ed. (2003). Essays on Indian music. New Delhi: Discovery Pub. House. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-7141-719-3. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^ Mandpe, Asha (10 March 2011). "Vibrant colours of Maharashtra". Times of India. The Times Group. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ "Dances of Maharashtra". marathiheritage.com/. Maharashtra Heritage news portal. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ ed, Alison Arnold (2000). The Garland encyclopedia of world music. New York: Garland. pp. 726–730. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^ Dharwadker, Aparna Bhargava (2009). Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947. University of Iowa Press. pp. 314 and 368. ISBN 978-1-58729-642-0. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ^ "Modern Marathi theatre had milestones, limitations." The Times of India. 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ Sengupta, Ashis (2014). Mapping South Asia Through Contemporary Theatre. Basingstoke, Uk and New York, US: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-137-37513-1. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra's Regional Literature". discoveredindia.com/. Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ Singh. The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Pearson Education India. p. 120. ISBN 978-81-317-1753-0. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 1960. pp. B–244. ISBN 978-0-07-132923-1. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ "Jnanpith Laureates Official listings". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ Deshpande, G. P. (1997). "Marathi Literature since Independence: Some Pleasures and Displeasures". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (44/45): 2885–2892. JSTOR 4406042.
- ^ Muthukkaruppan, Parthasarathi (January 2018). "Preliminary Remarks on Dalit Poetry". Rethinking Marxism. 30 (1): 61–71. doi:10.1080/08935696.2018.1456762. S2CID 149846207.
- ^ Natarajan, Nalini; Emmanuel Sampath Nelson (1996). "Chapter 13: Dalit Literature in Marathi by Veena Deo". Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 363. ISBN 0-313-28778-3.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Rebecca (April–June 2017). "Bombay as Reflected in the Novels of Shobha De, Salman Rushdie and Rohinton Mistry" (PDF). Research Journal of English Language and Literature. 5 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2023.
- ^ Brand, Madeleine (15 April 2005). "Amitabh Bachchan, 'The Biggest Film Star in the World'". NPR. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ^ "Of Amitabh Bachchan's fame and celebrity". Dawn. 19 April 2005. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ^ "'The Biggest Film Star in the World'". Newsweek. 21 April 2005. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ^ "Media and Entertainment Industry -Brief Introduction". ibef.org/. India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF). Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ "Film City - Mumbai". Ffo.gov.in. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ Richard Corliss (16 September 1996). "Hooray for Bollywood!". Time. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ "Dada saheb Phalke : भारतीय सिनेमा के पितामह थे दादा साहब फाल्के, ऐसे दिया था भारत में फिल्मों को जीवन". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). 1 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ Pandey, Manish (4 April 2021). "भारतीय सिनेमा के सूत्रधार रहे दादा साहेब फाल्के, 1969 से दिया जा रहा फाल्के पुरस्कार". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ "Dadasaheb Phalke Awards". Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ "The Millennium Special: Gautam Rajadhyaksha on the ten most important women stars in Indian films". rediff.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "1983 Film Supporting Actress". BAFTA Awards. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ^ "Search Results". Academy Awards Database Search. Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ^ "1983". Oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 5 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Suryakant Mandare". 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "The legend from Kolhapur". The Indian Express. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Happy Birthday, Mohan Joshi: 'Mulshi Pattern' to 'Deool Band'; FIVE must-watch movies of the veteran star". The Times of India. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017.
- ^ "Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017.
- ^ Sanjay Tambat, Media Convergence in the Regional Language Setting : 43 Some Observations from a Study on Pune -Mumbai Based Media", COMMUNICATOR (2019): 43.Volume LIII, Number-4 page=43-62 [4]
- ^ "IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light". Exchange4media.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "Prominent financial dailies". India Press. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
- ^ Mathur, U.C., 2010. Product and Brand Management. Excel Books India. ISB=978-8174465498 page=25 [5]
- ^ "Profile display". karmayog.org/. National Film & Television Industry Committee-Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Radio stations in Maharashtra, India". Asia Waves. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "Citizen Charter of BSNL – Maharashtra Telecom Circle" (PDF). Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Mumbai Cricket Association". Mumbai Cricket Association. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Vidarbha Cricket Association, Nagpur". Vidarbha Cricket Association. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ Dubey, Jyotindra (4 June 2019). "Which state has gifted India the most cricketers for World Cups since 1975?". India Today. Living Media. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Brabourne Stadium". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Wankhede Stadium". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ Utathya Nag (12 October 2022). "National Games 2022 medal tally: Know the final standing and winners".
- ^ Shodhganga. "Sangli District" (PDF). Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra asks high court to reconsider ban on bullock cart races". The Times of India. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ TALEGAON DASHASAR. Maharashtra: The Gazetteers Department.
- ^ "Hind Kesari Kushti kicks off". The Indian Express. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ Reddy, P.A., 2005. Sports Promotion in India. Discovery Publishing House.[6]
- ^ Kejal Joshi-Reddy; Veena Kamble; Pooja Kunte; Polly Hardy-Johnson; Caroline HD Fall; Mary Barker; Susie Weller; Chittaranjan S. Yajnik; Sarah H. Kehoe (2021). "Adolescent diet and physical activity in the context of economic, social and nutrition transition in rural Maharashtra, India: a qualitative study" (PDF). Public Health Nutrition. 24 (16): 5299–5308. doi:10.1017/S1368980020002220. PMC 10195224. PMID 32981556. S2CID 222146403.
- ^ Nilesh Upadhye (2019). "The Growth of Experiential Tourism in Maharashtra". Atithya: A Journal of Hospitality. 5 (1): 41–42.
- ^ Gunaji, Milind (2010). Offbeat tracks in Maharashtra (2nd ed.). Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7991-578-3.
- ^ "Adventure activities in Maharashtra". discoveredindia.com/. Discovery India. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ "About us: Tata Open Maharashtra". www.maharashtraopen.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Pune Overview: ATP Tour–Tata Open Maharashtra–Tennis". ATP Tour. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022.
- ^ "The Mahalaxmi Race Course". Royal Western India Turf Club. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ "The Pune Race Course". Royal Western India Turf Club. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ Astill, J., 2013. The great tamasha: cricket, corruption, and the turbulent rise of modern India. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.[7]
- ^ "Maharashtra Football Clubs List with Names & Foundation". FIFA World Cup 2014, Brazil. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ "Gridiron league launched in India". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "Pune Marathas Video Profile – The Elite Football League of India". Elite Football League of India. 18 September 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "Mumbai Gladiators". Elite Football League of India. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Athma, Prashanta; Nalini, G. (2013). "Tourism in India- An Analysis". International Journal of Management Prudence. 5 (1): 25–35. ProQuest 1490677543.
- ^ Nallathiga, Ramakrishna (September 2006). "Integrating Entertainment, Tourism, Heritage and Culture into the Development of Cities: A Case for Mumbai". ITPI Journal. 3 (3): 67–72. SSRN 987481.
- ^ Indra, S.R. and D'Souza, J.N., A study on Tourists Loyalty based on Impact of Destination Image and Tourists Satisfaction in Mumbai. Food, Tourism and Hospitality Perspectives, p.217.[8]
- ^ Udas-Mankikar, Sayli (March 2020), "24x7 Cities: Recommendations for an India Playbook" (PDF), ORF Issue Brief (342), Observer Research Foundation, ISBN 978-93-89622-71-3, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2022
- ^ Mahadevia, Darshini. (2008). Dynamics of High-Tech Zones in Pune: Emerging Trends and Impacts. []
- ^ Kale, Pramod (1979). "Ideas, Ideals and the Market: A Study of Marathi Films". Economic and Political Weekly. 14 (35): 1511–1520. JSTOR 4367902.
- ^ Nagapurkar, S., Narkhede, P. and Sheriff, V.A., 2020. Energizing the Future with Memories of the Past: The Wadas of Pune City. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 170, p. 05006). EDP Sciences.
- ^ Shinde, K., 2014. 2 Ganesh festival. Rituals and Traditional Events in the Modern World, p.23.[9]
- ^ Shukla, A.V. and Badwaik, H.B., 2008. Tourist Satisfaction-A study of Tourist destinations in Maharashtra. Conference on Tourism in India – Challenges Ahead, 15–17 May 2008, IIMK [10]
- ^ Kohli, M. S. (2002). Mountains of India : tourism, adventure and pilgrimage. New Delhi: Indus Publ. Co. pp. 263–266. ISBN 9788173871351.
- ^ Singh, K.; Bhanu, B.V. (2004). People of India. Mumbai: Anthropological Survey of India. p. LIX. ISBN 9788179911013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ Shinde, Kiran (2018). "Governance and Management of Religious Tourism in India". International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. 6 (1). doi:10.21427/D7K42M.
- ^ Patange, P., Srinithivihahshini, N.D. and Mahajan, D.M., 2013. "Pilgrimage and the environment: Challenges in a pilgrimage centre in Maharashtra, India". International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(6), pp. 2269–2277.
- ^ Shukla, A.V. and Badwaik, H.B., 2008. Tourist Satisfaction-A study of Tourist destinations in Maharashtra.[11]
- ^ Mhatre, Shridhar. "Amazing Maharashtra: Tadoba National Park". Amazing Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ a b "Tourism Survey for State of Maharashtra" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ "About MTDC". Maharashtratourism.gov.in. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage
- Government
- General information
- Maharashtra web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- Maharashtra at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Geographic data related to Maharashtra at OpenStreetMap
| Topics | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regions | |||||||||||||
| Divisions and Districts |
| ||||||||||||
| Million-plus cities in Maharashtra | |||||||||||||
| Other cities with municipal corporations | |||||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |