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Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle

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Carl-Gustaf 84 mm Recoilless Rifle
Carl Gustaf M4 anti-tank weapon
TypeShoulder-fired recoilless rifle
(crew-served multi-role infantry support gun)[1][2][3][4]
Place of originSweden
Service history
In service1948–present
Used bySee Users
WarsSee Wars
Production history
DesignerHugo Abramson, Sigfrid Akselson and Harald Jentzen
Designed
  • M1: 1946
  • M2: 1964
  • M3: 1986
  • M4: 2014[5][6]
ManufacturerSaab Bofors Dynamics (formerly Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori), Howa (license)[7][8]
Unit cost
  • US$20,000
  • Ammo cost=US$500 to
    3000 per round[9]
Specifications
MassM2: 14.2 kg (31 lb)[10]
M3: 10 kg (22 lb)[10]
M4/M3E1: 6.6 kg (15 lb)
Length(M2) 1,130 mm (44 in)[10] (M4/M3E1) 950 mm (37 in)
CrewTwo (gunner and loader), but may be used by a single operator at a reduced rate of fire.
Cartridge84 × 245 mm R RCL[11]
Caliber84 mm (3.31 in)
ActionRecoilless, single-shot, breechloader, laterally, percussion fired[12]
Rate of fire6 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity230–255 m/s (750–840 ft/s)
Effective firing range
  • 350 to 400 m (1,150 to 1,310 ft) against moving vehicles[13]
  • 500 m (1,600 ft) against stationary vehicles[13]
  • 1,000 m (3,300 ft) using smoke and high explosive rounds[13]
  • 2,500 m (8,200 ft) using rocket-boosted laser guided ammunition
Feed systemHinged breech
SightsOpen (iron) sights; optical 3× laser rangefinder; image intensification system

The Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle (Swedish pronunciation: [kɑːɭ ˈɡɵ̂sːtav], named after Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori, which initially produced it) is a Swedish-developed 84 mm (3.3 in) caliber shoulder-fired recoilless rifle, initially developed by the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration during the second half of the 1940s as a crew-served man-portable infantry support gun for close-range multi-role anti-armour, anti-personnel, battlefield illumination, smoke screening and marking fire,[1] which has seen great export success around the globe and continues to be a popular multi-purpose support weapon in use by many nations. The Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless rifle is a lightweight, low-cost weapon that uses a wide range of ammunition, which makes it extremely flexible and suitable for a wide variety of roles.

Development of the initial model started from 1946 as one of the many recoilless rifle designs of that era, based on the experience from the earlier Carl Gustaf 20 mm recoilless rifle and the success of man-portable rocket launchers during World War II, such as the bazooka and Panzerschreck. Production of the initial model was handled by Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori led by Försvarets Fabriksverk (FFV) and the weapon received the designation 8,4 cm granatgevär m/48, (8,4 cm grg m/48 – "8,4 cm grenade rifle", model 1948) in Swedish service. FFV would continue to further develop the weapon for the international market, later being merged into Saab Bofors Dynamics which handles development and export today. While similar weapons have generally disappeared from service, the Carl Gustaf is still in production and remains in widespread use today.

Name

[edit]

The weapon goes under many names around the globe. It is most frequently called the "Carl Gustaf" or similar for short. British troops, for example, refer to it as the "Charlie G", while Canadian troops often refer to it as "Carl G".[14] In Australia, it is irreverently known as "Charlie Gutsache" (guts ache, meaning stomach pain), or "Charlie Swede".[14]

In US military service, it is officially known as the M3 Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System (MAAWS) or Ranger Antitank Weapons System (RAWS), but is often simply called the "M3 Carl Gustaf" or just "Gustaf".[14]

In Swedish military service, it is officially known as the 8,4 cm granatgevär m/48, m/86 and m/18, depending on the model (M1, M3, M4), but is often simply referred to as the "GRG" (gé-er-gé) after their type designation abbreviation (from granatgevär, meaning "grenade rifle"), since all models fire the same general ammunition and are used in much the same way (although the 84 mm grg m/18 can use programmable and guided ammunition).[15]

Description

[edit]
US Army Special Forces soldiers train with the Carl Gustaf recoilless rifle in 2009.
Note the firing position and backblast.
At the shooter's feet, the typical two-round canister is visible.

The basic weapon consists of the main tube with the breech-mounted Venturi recoil damper, with two grips near the front and a shoulder mount. The weapon is fitted with iron sights, but is normally aimed with the attached 3× optical sight with a 17 degree (300 mil) field of view. The most modern variants fielded by Swedish rifle companies have been fitted with the Swedish Aimpoint sighting system. Luminous front and rear sight inserts are available for the iron sights when aiming at night, and an image intensification system may also be used.

The Gustaf can be fired from the standing, kneeling, sitting or prone positions, and a bipod may be attached in front of the shoulder piece. An operating handle called the "Venturi lock" is used to move the hinged breech to one side for reloading.

Operation

[edit]

The weapon is normally operated by a two-man crew, a gunner who carries and fires the weapon and a loader, carrying two canisters for a total of four rounds of ammunition. One or two extra ammunition carriers can be assigned if heavy use is expected. In the firing procedure it is the loader's responsibility to check the area behind the weapon for people and for obstacles that can interfere with the back-blast; this is needed due to the inherent dangers of the back-blast. Any person within the back-blast cone can suffer severe burn injuries and solid objects closely behind can reflect the blast back onto the crew.

Safety precautions

[edit]
Soldier fires a Carl-Gustaf. Note the significant back-blast.

The overpressure, or blast wave, generated by the Gustaf will cause blast- and burn-related injuries to those behind the weapon, and is dangerous to 30 metres (100 ft)[13] and hazardous to about 50 to 75 metres (160 to 250 ft).[10] Repeatedly firing the Gustaf can also cause related shock wave injuries to gunners and those nearby.[16][17][18]

Gunners are only allowed to fire six rounds a day during training.[19] The assistant gunners would also often move away from the overpressure zone, so that they too can fire six rounds a day.[19] Sweden, the first user of Carl-Gustaf, has the regulation that both gunner and assistant gunner are allowed to have 20 full-caliber rounds each day.[20]

Development history

[edit]

1946 – M1 in Sweden (8,4 cm grg m/48)

[edit]
Swedish Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless rifle M1
Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless rifle M1 blueprint, dated 7 February 1948.

The Carl Gustaf M1 was developed around 1946 by Hugo Abramson and Harald Jentzen at the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration (Kungliga Arméförvaltningens Tygavdelning) and produced at Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori from where it derives its name. Development of the weapons system was preceded by a line of other recoilless developments between 1940 and 1946, featuring relatively small-bore ammunition:

Despite advances in recoilless rifle technology introduced by the development family, it was quickly discovered that small-bore solid steel penetrators were obsolete for shoulder-fired antitank weapons, thus caliber was gradually increased to focus on multirole shell-type ammunition and the recent advances in shaped charge projectiles. By 1946 a caliber of 84 mm was decided upon (although larger calibers were proposed and tested).[23]

The 84 mm weapon was first introduced into Swedish service in 1948 as the 8,4 cm granatgevär m/48, filling a similar role as the US Army's bazooka, British PIAT and German Panzerschreck, albeit with a higher focus on multirole and fire support than pure anti-tank warfare. Unlike the aforementioned weapons, however, the 84 mm Carl Gustaf used a rifled barrel for spin-stabilising its rounds, as opposed to fins used by the other systems. Sweden did, however, also adopt a true man-portable anti-tank system around the same time, the 8 cm raketgevär m/49 (fixed) and 8 cm raketgevär m/51 (foldable) rocket launchers, only featuring anti-tank ammunition.[11]

The use of the recoilless firing system allowed the Gustaf to use ammunition containing considerably more propellant, firing its rounds at 290 m/s (950 ft/s), as opposed to about 105 m/s (340 ft/s) for the Panzerschreck and bazooka and about 75 m/s (250 ft/s) for the PIAT. The result was superior accuracy at longer ranges. The Gustaf can be used to attack larger stationary targets at up to 700 m (2,300 ft), but the relatively low speed of the projectile restricts attacks on moving targets to a range of 400 m (1,300 ft) or less.[citation needed]

The Gustaf was soon sold around the world and became one of the primary squad-level anti-tank weapons for many West European armies.[citation needed]

1964 – M2 export

[edit]
A Dutch Marine with an M2 during the NATO exercise Northern Wedding, 1978.

The Carl Gustaf M2 was introduced in 1964 as an improved, lighter and slightly shorter version of the original M1 for the export market. It quickly replaced the original version.

1986 – M3 in Sweden (8,4 cm grg m/86)

[edit]
Swedish Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless rifle M3 (8,4 cm grg m/86).

The Carl Gustaf M3 started development in the 1980s and initially entered service with the Swedish Armed Forces as the 8,4 cm granatgevär m/86 ("8,4 cm grenade rifle", model 1986). While similar to the export M3, it shares some spare parts with the original 1948 M1 model.[15] It reduced the weight even further by replacing the forged steel tube with a thin steel liner containing the rifling, strengthened by a carbon fibre outer sleeve. The external steel parts were also replaced with plastics and aluminium alloys.

1991 – M3 export

[edit]

The current export Carl-Gustaf M3 version was introduced in 1991. In recent years, the M3 has found new life in a variety of roles. The British Special Air Service, United States Army Special Forces and United States Army Rangers use M3s in bunker-busting and anti-vehicle roles. Many armies continue to use it as a viable anti-armour weapon, especially against 1950s- and 1960s-era tanks and other armoured vehicles still in use worldwide.[citation needed]

2011 – M3 in US (M3 MAAWS)

[edit]

In the late 1980s, the US Army sought to replace the M67 recoilless rifle in use by the 75th Ranger Regiment. Testing by the army's Benét Laboratories in 1993 determined that the Carl Gustaf M3 had a service lifetime more than four times the contractor's claims, which drew interest from the US Navy, and a joint services team moved forward with a purchase order under the US military designation MAAWS (Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System) M3.[24]

The MAAWS M3 is primarily used by United States Special Operations Command such as the Army Rangers, Army Special Forces, Marine Raiders, Navy SEALs, and JSOC operators. When used by the Rangers, the M3 may be referred to as the Ranger Anti-tank Weapons System (RAWS).[citation needed]

Army Rangers found the M3 was best employed using a two-man team. One person would carry the launcher and be armed with a pistol for personal protection, and the other would carry 5–6 rounds of ammunition and act as a spotter for the gunner. Although the single-shot AT4 is lighter and can be carried by one person, a Gustaf team with the heavier recoilless rifle can reload and fire more rounds.[25][relevant?]

The M3 MAAWS fires the following ammunition:[citation needed]

  • High explosive (HE 441/441B) round
  • High-explosive anti-tank (HEAT/751) round
  • High-explosive anti-tank – rocket-assisted projectile (HEAT-RAP/551) round
  • High-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP/502) round
  • Area defense munition (ADM/401) round
  • Anti-structure munition (ASM/509) round
  • Smoke (Smk/469) round
  • Illumination (Illum/545) round
  • Target practice, tracer(TPT/141) round
  • Target practice rocket-assisted projectile (TP RAP/551) round[relevant?]

2014 – M4 export

[edit]
M4 variant

While the M3 MAAWS provided enhanced effectiveness over other launchers, its 9.5 kg (21 lb) weight burdened troops. On 28 March 2013, USSOCOM announced a call for sources to develop a kit to lighten the weapon and reduce overall length without affecting handling or ruggedness. Saab was already developing a weight-reduced version that demonstrated no decrease in performance, no increase in recoil, and nearly equivalent barrel life that could be ready for testing in 2014. Saab also developed a high-explosive round that has a direct fire range of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) when using a fire control system.[26]

Compared to the M3 MAAWS, the M4 is 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) lighter at 6.6 kg (15 lb), and shorter with a 950 mm (37 in) overall length. The shorter length was in response to the need to wield the weapon in urban terrain, and weight savings were achieved through using lighter components whenever possible including a carbon fibre tube with titanium liner, and a new venturi design. Other new features include a red-dot sight, a travel safety catch to allow the M4 to be carried while loaded, an adjustable shoulder rest and forward grip for improved ergonomics, a shot counter to keep track of how many rounds have been fired to manage the weapon's 1,000-round barrel life,[27] double that of the M3,[28][29] picatinny rails for grips and sight mounts, and a remote round management function so intelligent sights can communicate with programmable rounds.[30][31]

2017 – M4 in US (M3E1 MAAWS)

[edit]
The M3E1 is the US version of the M4.

Following its reveal in 2014, the US Defense Department evaluated the M4[32] and in 2017 it was qualified for purchase by all US military services.[33]

The US version of the M4 became known domestically as the M3E1 MAAWS. By using titanium, it is more than 2.7 kilograms (6 lb) lighter than the 2014 M4 and is also 64 millimetres (2.5 in) shorter. It has an improved carrying handle, shoulder padding and a sighting system that can be adjusted for better comfort. The wiring harness provides a foregrip controller and programmable fuze setter for an interchangeable fire control system. The M3E1 uses the same family of ammunition as the M3. In 2017, the US Army ordered 1,111 units[34] and the US Marine Corps planned to procure 1,200 to issue one to each infantry squad. The Marines were also considering it to replace the Mk 153 SMAW in combat engineer squads.[35]

In April 2019, a contract of SEK 168 million (US$18.1 million) was approved to supply the Australian Army with ammunition for the Carl-Gustaf M4 84 mm multipurpose weapon systems ordered by the service in September 2018.[36]

2018 – M4 in Sweden (8,4 cm grg m/18)

[edit]

In 2018 the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (Swedish: Försvarets materielverk, FMV) signed a contract with Saab to purchase the Carl Gustaf M4 as the 8,4 cm granatgevär m/18 ("8,4 cm grenade rifle", model 2018),[15] often written without the "m/" to distinguish it from older m/18 (model 1918) systems (8,4 cm granatgevär 18, abbr. 8,4 cm grg 18).[37] The M4 will replace the old M1 models (8,4 cm grg m/48) models still in service as some units are pushing 70+ years in service.[37] The 8,4 cm grg 18 will feature an advanced laser rangefinder and will be acquired with new programmable ammunition (preliminary name HE 448), and a new, improved HEAT shell.[37]

2024 – M4 in India

[edit]

Saab announced in September 2022 that it would establish a manufacturing facility to produce the Carl-Gustaf M4 weapons system in India. It will be the company's first facility producing the M4 system outside Sweden. The facility is expected to open in 2024 and will produce weapons for the Indian Armed Forces as well as export components to users worldwide.[38][39] Construction of the facility started on 4 March 2024.[40] Previous versions of the Carl Gustaf system have been in service with India since 1976.[41]

Combat history

[edit]

1961–1964: Congo Crisis

[edit]
Swedish soldiers with the M1 variant, holding a roadblock during the Congo Crisis.

As part of the Congo Crisis 1960–1965, Swedish troops were sent to Congo as ONUC peacekeepers in mid- to late 1960. They initially lacked any heavy weaponry, but due to rising threat levels they received tgb m/42 KP infantry fighting vehicles and heavy weaponry such as the M1 Carl Gustaf in time for the violent fighting in Elisabethville in 1961.[42][43]

The weapon proved its worth as a man-portable multi-purpose weapon and came to great use during the conflict. One famous incident happened on 14 September 1961, when Swedish soldier Torsten Stålnacke, then part of a M1 Carl-Gustaf squad, had his two squadmates shocked in connection with repelling a Gendarmerie armoured car attack on a refugee camp and their nearby depot, forcing him to operate the M1 on his own. Stålnacke advanced by himself against an enemy firing position, meanwhile managing to take out an enemy armoured car and a number of enemies before his jaw was shot to pieces.[44][45] His chin hung down to his chest and he was suffocating. With his fingers he cleared the throat from bone fragments and pulled the tongue up, thereby able to breath again. During the retreat, and with whistling bullets around him, Stålnacke kept his chin up with one hand and held the M1 with the other and managed with hand gestures and kicks get his two badly shocked comrades with him from the battlefield.[46]

2011–2021: War in Afghanistan

[edit]

In November 2011, the US Army began ordering the M3 MAAWS for regular units deployed in Afghanistan. Soldiers were being engaged with RPGs at 900 meters, while their light weapons had effective ranges of 500–600 meters. The Gustaf allows airburst capability of troops in defilade out to 1,250 meters, and high-explosive use out to 1,300 meters.[26]

In late 2012, the Army fielded 58 M3s and 1,500 rounds of ammunition to units deployed to Afghanistan to destroy enemy targets out to 1,000 meters. This was because RPG and machine gun teams could attack 900 meters away, while existing weaponry such as the M141 Bunker Defeat Munition, M72 LAW, M136 AT4, and MK153 SMAW have effective ranges of only 500 meters. The AT4 is lighter and cheaper but is made of reinforced fiberglass, while the M3's rifled metal/carbon fiber launch tube allows for reloading. Employing the 22 lb M3 is easier than the 50 lb FGM-148 Javelin with its launcher with missile and reusable command launch unit, is faster than waiting on mortars, and is cheaper than the Javelin and artillery shells for engaging targets in hard cover.[24] Although Special Operations forces had been using the M3 since the early 1990s, light infantry unit commanders in Afghanistan had to submit operational needs statements to get the weapon. The M3 became an official Program of Record in the conventional Army in 2014, and a conditional materiel release was authorized in late 2015 to equip all brigade combat teams with one M3 launcher per infantry platoon.[47]

2022–: Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

Since 2022, the Carl Gustaf has been used in combat in the Russian invasion of Ukraine by Ukrainian forces, being used to target both tanks and infantry. According to Ukraine's Ministry of Defense, a Carl Gustaf was used to destroy the first Russian T-90M main battle tank of the war.[48][49][50]

Ammunition

[edit]
Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle round ammunition on display

The Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless gun fires a 84 × 245 mm rimmed recoilless (84×245R RCL) cartridge with a blowout base for propellant gas ventilation.[11] Ammunition initially consisted of high-explosive (HE), high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT), airburst (HE-TF) and smoke shells, not counting target-practice (TP) ammunition, but improvements to the ammunition family have been continual. While the older HEAT rounds are not particularly effective against modern tank armor, the weapon has found new life as a bunker-buster with a high-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP) round. Also, improved HEAT, high-explosive (HE), smoke and illumination (star shell or flare) ammunition is also available. For full effectiveness, illumination rounds must be fired at a very high angle, creating a danger for the gunner who can be burned from the backblast. For this reason, several armies have retired the illumination rounds, while the US Army requires that they be fired from a standing position. AEI Systems Ltd., a British defence products manufacturer, offers a variant of the platform dubbed the AE84-RCL designed to fire the M540/M550 line of 84×245 mm R ammunition manufactured in Belgium by Mecar.[51]

Note that the following are the Swedish manufacturer designations (other countries use similar terminology, replacing the FFV Försvarets Fabriksverk)

  • FFV401 is an Area Defence Munition designed as a close-range anti-personnel round. It fires 1100 flechettes over a wide area.[52]
  • FFV441 is an HE round, useful in a "lobbed" trajectory to 1,000 m, which can be fused to either detonate on impact or as an airburst.
  • FFV441B is an HE round with an effective range against personnel in the open of 1,100 m. The round arms after 20 to 70 m of flight, weighs 3.1 kg, and is fired at a muzzle velocity of 255 m/s.[53]
  • FFV469 is a smoke round fired like the FFV441, with a range of about 1,300 m. The 3.1 kg round is also fired at 255 m/s.[53]
  • FFV502 is an HEDP round with the ability to be set to detonate on either impact or one-tenth second later. Effective range is 1,000 m against dispersed soft targets such as infantry in the open, 500 m against stationary targets and 300 m against moving targets. Minimum range is 15 to 40 m to arm the warhead. Penetration exceeds 150 mm of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA). Ammunition weight is 3.3 kg and muzzle velocity is 230 m/s.[53]
  • FFV509 is an ASM (Anti-Structure Munition), designed especially to destroy buildings and other types of urban constructions. The fuse has two modes: impact or a delayed function. The muzzle velocity is approximately 170 m/s and the maximum effective range is 300 meters.[54][55]
  • FFV545 is an illuminating star shell, fired up to 2,300 m maximum range, but with an effective envelope of 300 to 2,100 m. Suspended by parachute, the star shell burns for 30 seconds while producing 650,000 candela, providing a 400 to 500 m diameter area of illumination.
  • FFV551 is the primary HEAT round and is a rocket-assisted projectile (RAP). Effective range is up to 700 m (400 m against moving targets) and penetration up to 400 mm of RHA. The ammunition weighs 3.2 kg and has a muzzle velocity of 255 m/s. After rocket ignition, the maximum velocity at 500 meters is 330 m/s.[53][54]
  • FFV552 is a practice round with the same ballistics as the 551.
  • FFV651 is a newer HEAT round using mid-flight rocket assistance for ranges up to 1,000m. In theory, it has less penetration than the FFV551, but it includes a stand-off probe for the fuse to improve performance against reactive armour.
  • HEAT 655 CS (Confined Spaces) "high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) round that can be fired by the 84 mm Carl Gustaf recoilless weapon from within small enclosures."[55][56]
  • FFV751 is a tandem-warhead HEAT round with an effective range of 500 m and ability to penetrate more than 500 mm of armour. The round weighs 3.8 kg and has a muzzle velocity of 210m/s, while maximum velocity after rocket ignition is 340m/s.[57]
  • FFV756 is an MT (Multi Target) ammunition, designed for combat in built-up areas and for incapacitating an enemy under cover inside a building or some type of fortification. The MT 756 uses a tandem charge.[55]
  • Guided Multipurpose Munition (GMM) is a laser guided projectile developed between Saab and Raytheon, featuring a multipurpose warhead capable of defeating bunkers and moving light armored vehicles at a range of 2,500 m and can be fired from enclosed spaces.

Comparison to similar weapons

[edit]
Comparison[58][page needed]
Origin Weapon Diameter (mm) Muzzle velocity (m/s) HEAT Warhead (kg) Armor penetration (est.) (mm) Effective range (m) Sight
Sweden M3-E1 Carl Gustaf 84 310 1
 .70 400 450 2×
United States M67 recoilless rifle 90 213 3
 .06 350 400 3×
France LRAC F1 89 300 2
 .20 400 600 N/A
Soviet Union RPG-7 with PG-7VS grenade 72 140 2
 .0 400 500 2.7×
Israel B-300 82 280 3
 .0 400 400 N/A
China PF-98 120 310 7
 .91 800 800 4×
Sweden Pansarvärnspjäs 1110 90 700 10 800 900 N/A

Users

[edit]
Map with Carl Gustaf operators in blue and former operators in red

The following is a list of countries and regions which use the Carl Gustaf in their armed forces, with the variant(s) included when confirmed in sources.

Former users

[edit]
  •  Netherlands: The M2 was in service with the Royal Netherlands Army since 1964 and also with the Dutch Marine Corps, known as the Terugstootloze vuurmond (TLV, lit. recoilless gun) 84 mm, Carl Gustaf M-2.[106] It was replaced by the Panzerfaust 3.[107]
  •  Singapore: Replaced by MATADOR in 2013.[108]

Non-state actors

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Wars

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "31/127 – Arméförvaltningen, Tygavdelningen, Vapenbyrån, Serie F I, Avgångna och inkomna skrivelser ordnade efter klassifikationssystem, Volym nr 78 (Dnr 600022 – 680023: 1953): projekt 125000" [31/127 – The Swedish Army Materiel Administration, The Material Section, The Weapon Bureau, Series F I, Outgoing and incoming letters arranged according to classification system, Volume no. 78 (Dnr 600022 – 680023: 1953): project 125000] (Document) (in Swedish). Sweden: Armématerielförvaltningens arkiv via Krigsarkivet (the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration archive, via the Swedish Military Archive). 1953. SE/KrA/0062/D/01/008:H/F I/78.sok.riksarkivet.se/nad?postid=Arkis+4596cd59-f4f9-4833-a155-79ec6925b1a5
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  3. ^ "The Carl Gustav Recoilless Rifle - 60 years and still going strong". newatlas.com. 24 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
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  6. ^ Saab's latest Carl Gustaf M4 system impresses customers in live fire demonstration (press release), Saab, 26 September 2014, archived from the original on 30 September 2014, retrieved 26 September 2014, The official Carl Gustaf M4 product launch will take place at the AUSA exhibition in Washington, DC, on 13–15 Oct 2014
  7. ^ "84mm無反動砲「カール・グスタフ」", Right-Wing (in Japanese), JP: Sakura, archived from the original on 25 February 2010, retrieved 4 November 2009
  8. ^ a b Exhibition of Equipments, JP: Plala, archived from the original on 13 March 2012, retrieved 29 July 2008.
  9. ^ "Weapons: Carl the Better". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=3977 Archived 8 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Small Arms Defense Journal. THE NEW CARL-GUSTAF M4: LIGHTER–BETTER–SMARTER. 2 June 2017
  11. ^ a b c AMREG A, Ammunitionsregister, Armén, 1960 års utgåva, ändringar 5-1972 (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV). 1972.
  12. ^ "Chapter 2: Principles of Operation". TC 3-22.84, M3 Multi-Role, Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System (PDF). Headquarters, Department of the Army (US). 18 July 2019. pp. 2–1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d User Handbook for the Gun, 84mm, INF, ATK, L14A1, Director of Army Equipment Policy. 1968. page 2
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  17. ^ "Pentagon Shelves Blast Gauges Meant To Detect Battlefield Brain Injuries". npr.org. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  18. ^ "Blast Overpressure Is Generated From The Firing Of Weapons, And May Cause Brain Injury". sciencedaily.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
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