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List of official languages by country and territory

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of official languages by country and territory. It includes all languages that have official language status either statewide or in a part of the state, or that have status as a national language, regional language, or minority language.

Definitions

[edit]
Official language
A language designated as having a unique legal status in the state: typically, the language used in a nation's legislative bodies, and often, official government business.
Regional language
A language designated as having official status limited to a specific area, administrative division, or territory of the state. (On this page a regional language has parentheses next to it that contain a region, province, etc. where the language has regional status.)
National language
A language that uniquely represents the national identity of a state, nation, and/or country and is so designated by a country's government; some are technically minority languages. (On this page a national language is followed by parentheses that identify it as a national language status.) Some countries have more than one language with this status.

List

[edit]
Country/Region
  1. Number of official (including de facto)
Official language Regional language Minority language National language Widely spoken
Abkhazia[a] 2 Georgian Abkhaz
Afghanistan[1] 2
Albania[2] 1 Albanian Italian
Algeria[3] 2 French
Andorra 1 Catalan[4]
Angola[5] 1 Portuguese
Antigua and Barbuda 1 English[6]
Argentina 1 None (Spanish has de facto status)
Armenia 1 Armenian Armenian (state language)[9] Russian
Australia 1 None (English has de facto status)
Austria[10][11] 1

German

German (state language)

English

Azerbaijan 1 Azerbaijani Azerbaijani (state language)[12] Russian
Bahamas 1 English
Bahrain 1 Arabic English
Bangladesh 1 Bengali Bengali
Barbados 1 English
Belarus 2 Belarusian
Belgium 3
  • Dutch
  • French
  • German

English

Belize 1 English Garifuna
Benin 1 French
Bhutan 1 Dzongkha
Bolivia[14] 37
  1. Castilian (Spanish)
  2. Aymara
  3. Araona
  4. Baure
  5. Bésiro (Chiquitano)
  6. Canichana
  7. Cavineña
  8. Cayubaba
  9. Chácobo
  10. Chimán
  11. Ese Ejja
  12. Guaraní
  13. Guarasu'we
  14. Guarayu
  15. Itonama
  16. Leco
  17. Machajuyai-Kallawaya
  18. Machineri
  19. Maropa
  20. Mojeño-Ignaciano
  21. Mojeño-Trinitario
  22. Moré
  23. Mosetén
  24. Movima
  25. Pacawara
  26. Puquina
  27. Quechua
  28. Sirionó
  29. Tacana
  30. Tapieté
  31. Toromona
  32. Uru-Chipaya
  33. Weenhayek
  34. Yaminawa
  35. Yuki
  36. Yuracaré
  37. Zamuco
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 None (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian all have de facto status)[15]
Botswana 1 English Tswana
Brazil 1

Portuguese[16]

Portuguese
Brunei 1 Malay
Bulgaria 1 Bulgarian
Burkina Faso 4 Working languages:
  • English
  • French
Burundi[43][44] 3 Kirundi Swahili
Cambodia 1 Khmer

French English Chinese

Cameroon 2
  • English
  • French
Canada 2
  • Chipewyan
  • Cree
  • Gwich'in
  • Inuinnaqtun
  • Inuktitut
  • Inuvialuktun
  • Mi'kmaq
  • North Slavey
  • South Slavey
  • Tłı̨chǫ
Cape Verde 1 Portuguese Cape Verdean Creole
Central African Republic 2
Chad 2
  • Arabic
  • French
Chile 1 Spanish

Languages of ethnic groups are official in their territories[45]

China 1 Standard Chinese Other Sinitic languages
 Christmas Island 3
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2 Malay
Colombia 1 Spanish Languages of ethnic groups are official in their territories[46]
Comoros 3
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 French
Republic of the Congo 1 French
 Cook Islands 2
Costa Rica 1 Spanish
Croatia 1 Croatian
  • Italian (Istria County)
  • Romani (non-territorial)
  • Slovene (non-territorial)

English

Cuba 1 Spanish
Cyprus 2 English
Czech Republic 2 Czech
Denmark 1 Danish German (in Southern Jutland) English
Djibouti 2
  • Arabic
  • French
Dominica 1 English
Dominican Republic 1 Spanish
East Timor 2
Ecuador[52] 1
  • Spanish
Languages of ethnic groups are official in their territories
Egypt 1 Arabic Coptic Egyptian Arabic English
El Salvador 1 Spanish
Equatorial Guinea 3
  • French
  • Portuguese
  • Spanish
Eritrea 1 Tigrinya
  • Arabic
  • Italian
Estonia 1 Estonian Russian
Eswatini 2
Ethiopia 5
Fiji 3
Finland 2 Sami (in Enontekiö, Inari, Sodankylä, Utsjoki)
  • Finnish
  • Swedish

English

France 1 French[53] Occitan language
Gabon 1 French
Gambia 1 English
Georgia 1 Georgian Russian
Germany 1 German[54]
  • Danish
  • Lower Sorbian
  • North Frisian
  • Romani[55]
  • Upper Sorbian

English

Ghana 1 English
Greece 1 Greek
Grenada 1 English
Guatemala 1 Spanish
Guinea 1 French
Guinea-Bissau 1 Portuguese
Guyana 1 English Guyanese Creole
Haiti 2
Honduras 1 Spanish
Hungary 1 Hungarian[56]
Iceland 2
India 22 22 official languages -
Indonesia 1 Indonesian
Iran 1 Persian Persian
Iraq 2
Ireland[62] 2 Irish
Israel 1 Hebrew Arabic English
  • Russian
  • English
Italy 1 Italian
  • Ladin
  • Slovene
Other Italo-Dalmatian languages
Ivory Coast 1 French
Jamaica 1 English Jamaican Patois
Japan 1 None (Japanese has de facto status) Japanese
Jordan 1 Arabic
  • Circassian
  • Chechen
  • Armenian
Kazakhstan 2 Kazakh
Kenya 2 Swahili
Kiribati 2
North Korea 1 Korean
South Korea 2
Kosovo[a] 2
  • Albanian
  • Serbian
Turkish
  • Albanian (nationwide)
  • Serbian (Northern Kosovo)
Kuwait 1 Standard Arabic
Kyrgyzstan 2 Kyrgyz
Laos 1 Lao
Latvia 1 Latvian[63][64] Russian
Lebanon 1 Arabic Arabic Armenian
  • Arabic
  • English
  • French
  • Arabic
  • English
  • French
Lesotho 2 Sotho
Liberia 1 English
Libya 1 Arabic
Liechtenstein 1 German
Lithuania 1 Lithuanian
  • Polish
  • Russian
Luxembourg 3 Luxembourgish
  • English
  • Portuguese
Madagascar 2 Malagasy
Malawi 2
  • English
  • Chichewa
Chichewa
Malaysia 1 Malay[f] Regional/State dialects Malay
Maldives 1 Dhivehi Dhivehi English
Mali 13
  1. Bambara
  2. Bobo
  3. Bozo
  4. Dogon
  5. Fula
  6. Hassaniya
  7. Kassonke
  8. Maninke
  9. Minyanka
  10. Senufo
  11. Songhay languages
  12. Soninke
  13. Tamasheq
French
Malta 2 Maltese
Sovereign Military Order of Malta[a] 1 Italian
Marshall Islands 2
Mauritania 1 Arabic French
Mauritius 2 English

Mauritian Creole (Also known as 'Morisien')

English
Mexico 1 None (Spanish has de facto status) 68 National languages
Federated States of Micronesia 1 English
Moldova 1 Romanian
Monaco[66] 1 French Monégasque
Mongolia 1 Mongolian
Montenegro 1 Montenegrin
Morocco 2
  • Arabic
  • Berber
Mozambique 1 Portuguese
Myanmar (Burma) 1 Burmese English
Namibia[67] 1 English Afrikaans
Nauru 2
Nepal 1 Nepali[68] all languages spoken as the mother tongue in Nepal[69]
Netherlands 1 Dutch

English

New Zealand 3
Nicaragua 1 Spanish
Niger 1 French
Nigeria 1 English
  • English
  • Hausa
 Niue 2
Norfolk Island 2
North Macedonia 2
Northern Cyprus[a] 1 Turkish
Norway 2

English

Oman 1 Arabic Shehri
Pakistan 2 Urdu
Palau 2
Palestine 1 Arabic
  • English
  • Hebrew
Panama 1 Spanish
Papua New Guinea 4
Paraguay 2
  • Spanish
  • Guaraní
Peru 1 Spanish Quechua, Aymara and another native languages are official wherever they predominate
Philippines 2 Arabic[g] (optional language)
Spanish[g] (optional language)
(+ over 100 more minority languages)
Poland 1 Polish Kashubian (Pomeranian Voivodeship)

English

Portugal 1 Portuguese Mirandese (Terra de Miranda)

English

Qatar 1 Arabic
Romania 1 Romanian
  • Armenian
  • German
  • Hungarian
  • Romani
  • Russian
  • Serbian
  • Slovak
  • Tatar
  • Turkish
  • Ukrainian
Russia 1 Russian (33 languages)
Rwanda 4
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[a] 2
  • Arabic
  • Spanish
Arabic
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 English
Saint Lucia 1 English
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 English
Samoa 2
San Marino 1 Italian
São Tomé and Príncipe 1 Portuguese
Saudi Arabia 1 Arabic
  • Indian Languages
  • Filipino
  • Bengali
Senegal 1 French
Serbia 1 Serbian (15 languages)
Seychelles 3
Sierra Leone 1 English Krio
Singapore 4 Malay
Slovakia 1 Slovak
  • Bulgarian
  • Czech
  • German
  • Hungarian
  • Polish
  • Romani
  • Rusyn
  • Serbian
  • Ukrainian
Slovenia 1 Slovene
Solomon Islands 1
Somalia 2 Somali, Arabic
Somaliland[a] 3
  • Arabic
  • English
  • Somali
South Africa 11
  1. Afrikaans
  2. English
  3. Southern Ndebele
  4. Sotho
  5. Northern Sotho
  6. Swazi
  7. Tsonga
  8. Tswana
  9. Venda
  10. Xhosa
  11. Zulu
South Ossetia[a] 2 Georgian Georgian
South Sudan 1 English
Spain 1 Spanish
Sri Lanka 2

English

Sudan 2
  • Arabic
  • English
Suriname 1 Dutch Sranan Tongo
Sweden 1 Swedish

English

Switzerland 4
Syria 1 Arabic Kurdish
  • Assyrian
  • Western Neo-Aramaic
  • Armenian
Taiwan 1 None (Mandarin Chinese has de facto status)
Tajikistan 1 Tajik Tajik Russian
Tanzania 2
  • Swahili
  • English
Swahili
Thailand 1 Central Thai

Sixty-two 'domestic' languages are officially recognized

Burmese
Togo 1 French
 Tokelau 2
Tonga 2
Transnistria[a] 3
  • Moldovan
  • Russian
  • Ukrainian
Trinidad and Tobago 1 English Trinidadian Creole
Tunisia 1 Arabic Arabic
Turkey 1 Turkish Kurdish Turkish
Turkmenistan 1 Turkmen Turkmen Russian
Tuvalu 2
  • Tuvaluan
  • English
Uganda 2
Ukraine 1 Ukrainian
United Arab Emirates 1 Arabic English
United Kingdom and Crown dependencies etc. 1 None (English has de facto status)
United States 1 None (English has de facto status) (28 languages) Several indigenous languages of recognized federal tribes
  • English
  • Spanish
Uruguay 2
  • None (Spanish has de facto status)
  • Uruguayan Sign Language
Uzbekistan 1 Uzbek Russian
Vanuatu 3
Vatican City 2
  • Italian
  • Latin
Swiss German
Venezuela 2 Native languages are official for indigenous peoples
Vietnam 1 Vietnamese Vietnamese
Yemen 1 Arabic
Zambia 1 English
Zimbabwe 16
  1. Chewa
  2. Chibarwe
  3. English
  4. Kalanga
  5. Khoisan[i][78]
  6. Nambya
  7. Ndau
  8. Ndebele
  9. Shangani
  10. Shona
  11. Sign language[j]
  12. Sotho
  13. Tonga
  14. Tswana
  15. Venda
  16. Xhosa

Number of countries with the same official language

[edit]

This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, although there are no precise inclusion criteria or definition of a language. An '*' (asterisk) indicates a country whose independence is disputed.

Partially recognized or de facto independent countries are denoted by an asterisk (*)

Language World Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Countries
English 58 23 14 4 3 14 United Kingdom, United States,[k] Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, India, South Africa, Nigeria (See the full list)[79]
French 27 19 2 5 1 France, Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, Madagascar, Monaco, Haiti, Vanuatu (See the full list)
Arabic 23–26* 12–14* 11–12* Egypt, Sudan, Algeria, Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Palestine* (See the full list)
Spanish 20 1 18 1 Spain, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico (See the full list)[80]
Portuguese 9 6 1 1 1 Portugal, Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, East Timor (See the full list)
German 6 6 Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein (See the full list)
Russian 5–8* 3 2–5* Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Abkhazia*, South Ossetia*, Transnistria*. (See the full list)
Swahili 5 5 Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
Serbo-Croatian 4–5* 4–5* Serbia (known as Serbian), Croatia (known as Croatian), Montenegro (known as Montenegrin), Bosnia and Herzegovina (known as Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian), Kosovo* (known as Serbian)
Italian 4 4 Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City
Malay 4 4 Malaysia (known as Malaysian), Indonesia (known as Indonesian), Singapore, Brunei
Dutch 3 1 2 Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname
Persian 3 3 Iran, Afghanistan (known as Dari), Tajikistan (known as Tajik)
Sotho 3 3 South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe
Tswana 3 3 Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Albanian 2–3* 2–3* Albania, Kosovo*, North Macedonia
Standard Chinese 2–3* 2–3* China, Singapore, Taiwan*
Romanian 2–3* 3 Romania, Moldova, Transnistria*
Somali 2–3* 2–3* Somalia, Ethiopia, and Somaliland*
Turkish 2–3* 2–3* Turkey, Northern Cyprus* and Cyprus
Aymara 2 2 Bolivia and Peru
Berber 2 2 Algeria and Morocco
Chichewa 2 2 Malawi and Zimbabwe
Greek 2 2 Greece and Cyprus
Guarani 2 2 Paraguay and Bolivia
Hindustani 2 2 India (known as Hindi) and Pakistan (known as Urdu)
Quechua 2 2 Bolivia and Peru
Korean 2 2 North Korea and South Korea
Kurdish 2 - - 2 - - Iraq and Armenia
Rwanda-Rundi 2 2 Burundi (known as Kirundi) & Rwanda (known as Kinyarwanda)
Swati 2 2 Eswatini (Swaziland) and South Africa
Swedish 2 2 Sweden and Finland
Tamil 3 3 Sri Lanka, India (in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry) and Singapore
Tigrinya 2 2 Eritrea and Ethiopia
Venda 2 2 South Africa and Zimbabwe
Bengali 2 2 India (West Bengal, Tripura, Assam) and Bangladesh

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Independence disputed.
  2. ^ a b c d e f The third official language – in addition to Pashto and Dari – in areas where the majority speaks them
  3. ^ a b Slovak language is defined as official language together with Czech language by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském..." (§16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic). The article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law.
  5. ^ a b c Official language for intercultural relations
  6. ^ Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia designated Malay as the national language. Section 2 of that article allowed English to be used officially until otherwise provided by Parliament. In 1967, the Parliament of Malaysia passed the National Language Act, making Malay the official language of Malaysia. The act does, however, allow the use of English for some official purposes. On 11 July 1990, following the amendment of the National Language Act 1963/67 (Act 32) (Revised in 1971), Malay replaced English as the official language of the courts in West Malaysia. The amending Act provided English to be used in the Courts in West Malaysia where it deems necessary in the interest of Justice. East Malaysia continued using English as the official language in their courts.[65] Since 2007, the official policy is to refer to the national language as the Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia), although legislation still refers to the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu).
  7. ^ a b As per the 1987 Constitution which states "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis".[74]
  8. ^ a b Not designated but meets legal definition
  9. ^ Refers to the Tjwao dialect
  10. ^ See Zimbabwean sign languages
  11. ^ In the United States of America, English is the language of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States and The Federalist Papers and remains the working language of the federal administration. At the state level, some states with large Hispanic populations—such as Arizona, California, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas—provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents in both Spanish and English. Attempts have been made to legislate English as the official language of the federal government of the United States, often imbued with nationalist sentiment such as the proposed English Language Unity Act of 2005 with its controversial ties to immigration policy, but these initiatives have not passed into law, despite an English-only movement whose long history includes: Pennsylvania of the 1750s concerning German; the decade of the 1800s in Louisiana concerning French; the 1890s concerning the use of the Hawaiian language in Hawaii; and from 1880 onward—now formally organized—more than a century of American Indian boarding schools suppressing the use of Native American indigenous language.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Constitution of Afghanistan Archived 28 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Chapter 1, Article 16)
  2. ^ Constitution of Albania Archived 25 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Article 14)
  3. ^ Constitution of Algeria (Article 3)
  4. ^ Constitution of Andorra (Article 2)
  5. ^ "Angola". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  6. ^ Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, 1981 (Article 29)
  7. ^ a b "Provincial Law Nº5598" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d "La Cámara de Diputados de la Provincia del Chaco. Sanciona con fuerza de Ley Nro.6604" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  9. ^ Constitution of Armenia
  10. ^ "Article 8". Constitution of Austria. 1920.
  11. ^ Bundesgesetz über die Rechtsstellung der Volksgruppen in Österreich (Volksgruppengesetz – VoGrG)
  12. ^ Constitution of Azerbaijan, Constitution of Azerbaijan (English translation) (Article 21)
  13. ^ a b c Constitution of Belgium, in Dutch, French and German Archived 13 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine (Article 4)
  14. ^ "Bolivia: Decreto Supremo Nº 25894, 11 de septiembre de 2000". 11 September 2000. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  15. ^ Footitt, Hilary; Kelly, Michael (2012). Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 111–120. ISBN 978-0230368774.
  16. ^ According to the Brazilian Constitution, article 13: A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. "The Portuguese language is the official language of the Federative Republic of Brazil".[1]
  17. ^ Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município. Archived 30 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Pomerano!?, Retrieved 21 August 2011
  19. ^ No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 21 August 2011
  20. ^ Lei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Pommern in Brasilien - LernCafe – Online-Journal zur allgemeinen Weiterbildung". 31 March 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d Artigo da UFRJ sobre a cooficialização de línguas no Brasil
  23. ^ Município de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana, Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana
  24. ^ "Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES". itarana.es.gov.br
  25. ^ Cooficialização da língua alemã em Antônio Carlos Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "A sala de aula de alemão para falantes de dialeto: realidades e mitos". Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  27. ^ Brasil: dialeto do baixo-alemão torna-se segunda língua oficial de cidade gaúcha
  28. ^ Apresentando... Santa Maria do Herval
  29. ^ "Dialetos Hunsrik e Talian na ofensiva no Sul - Em Santa Maria do Herval, regiăo de Novo Hamburgo, RS, surge forte a mobilizaçăo em favor do Hunsrik - a faceta brasileira/latino-americana do Hunsrückisch. Em Serafina Correa, RS, floresce o talian" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  30. ^ "Aprovada em primeira votação projeto que torna o Talian segunda língua oficial de Bento Gonçalves". Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  31. ^ "Co-oficialização do Talian é oficializada pela câmara de Bento Golçalves". Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  32. ^ "Câmara Bento – Projeto do Executivo é aprovado e Talian se torna a língua co-oficial". Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  33. ^ Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul
  34. ^ "Talian pode ser língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha". Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  35. ^ Talian é língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha
  36. ^ "Flores da Cunha (RS) - Projeto pretende instituir o "Talian" como língua co oficial no Município". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  37. ^ Lei Nº 1310 de 16 de outubro de 2015 - Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua do "talian", à língua portuguesa, no município de Nova Roma do Sul"
  38. ^ O Talian agora é a língua co-oficial de Nova Roma do Sul, município de Nova Roma do Sul
  39. ^ Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 21 August 2011
  40. ^ Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira Archived 18 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 24 August 2011
  41. ^ Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua – FLÁVIA MARTIN e VITOR MORENO, enviados especiais a São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM) Archived 4 June 2012 at archive.today, Retrieved 24 August 2011
  42. ^ Município do MS adota o guarani como língua oficial Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 24 August 2011
  43. ^ "Article 5" (PDF). Constitution of Burundi. 2005.
  44. ^ Les approches bi-plurilingues d'enseignement-apprentissage: autour du programme Écoles et langues nationales en Afrique (ELAN-Afrique): Actes du colloque du 26-27 mars 2015. Archives contemporaines. October 2016. ISBN 9782813001955.
  45. ^ Indigenal Act, art. 28
  46. ^ Constitution of Colombia, 1991 (Article 10)
  47. ^ "Costa Rica 1949 (rev. 2011)". Constitute. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  48. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Asamblea Legislativa Costa Rica. "APRUEBAN EL RECONOCIMIENTO DE LA LENGUA CRIOLLA LIMONENSE". Youtube. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  49. ^ a b The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus (PDF). 1960. art. 3, § 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  50. ^ a b "Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus", Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research, retrieved 11 August 2013
  51. ^ a b Constitution of Timor-Leste, section 13
  52. ^ Constitution of Ecuador 2008 Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, (Article 2)
  53. ^ Constitution of France (Article 2)
  54. ^ Though not explicitly specified in the constitution, this is regulated in §23 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Administrative Procedures Act)
  55. ^ Publication by Ministry of the Interior (in German) Archived 3 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ Constitution of Hungary, Article H - http://www.kormany.hu/download/4/c3/30000/THE%20FUNDAMENTAL%20LAW%20OF%20HUNGARY.pdf
  57. ^ a b c d e f Recognized by Hungary as minority language by the Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by the Hungarian Parliament - Resolution 35/1995, 7 April 1995 - http://www.complex.hu/kzldat/o95h0035.htm/o95h0035_0.htm Archived 17 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ^ "Deaf History - Europe - 2011: Iceland, Legal Recognition of Icelandic Sign Language". deafhistory.eu. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  59. ^ manishsiq (4 October 2024). "National Language of India 2024, List of 22 Official Languages of India". www.studyiq.com. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  60. ^ "Regional Regulation of Yogyakarta Special Region Number 2 Year about Preservation and Development of Javanese Language, Literature, and Script".
  61. ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 4(1st)
  62. ^ Constitution of Ireland Archived 17 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive (Article 8)
  63. ^ Priedīte, Aija (2005). "Surveying Language Attitudes and Practices in Latvia". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 26 (5): 409–424. doi:10.1080/01434630508668413. S2CID 145660793. In 1992, following further amendments to this directive, Latvian was established as the only official language. It took Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development seven more years before the State language law was adopted in 1999, with further amendments in the years 2000, 2001 and 2002.
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  • Languages - CIA listing of languages spoken in each country